70 



P. ANDREWS AND Y. FERNANDEZ-JALVO 



Fig. 8 Two views of distal phalanges of Equusferus. A, dorsal view, with 

 transverse cut-marks across the body and dorsal edge of the proximal 

 articulation; B, an enlarged view of these cut-marks. A, x 1 . 1 : B, x 2.2. 



present in one of the clavicles (M54054) on the caudal outer surface 

 indicating bending of the bone to dismember or detach the clavicle. 

 Scraping also occurs on this clavicle. 



Vertebrae: There are ten human vertebrae in the Gough's Cave 

 material. Most of these were cervical vertebrae, but there were four 

 fragments of thoracic vertebrae, three neural arches and part of one 

 body. It is possible that nine of the vertebrae could be from a single 

 individual (Churchill 2000), and since they were found with the two 

 partial sets of ribs it is likely that they came from one of these 

 individuals. We were able to study seven of the vertebrae ( 1 axis, 3 

 cervicals and 3 thoracics), seven of equid ( 1 atlas, 1 axis, 4 cervicals 

 and sacrum). There are five cervid vertebrae (3 cervicals, 1 thoracic 

 and the 1st caudal). Most vertebrae are affected by human induced 

 damage (Fig. 15), with only two human and two cervid vertebrae that 

 are intact and undamaged. Neural arches are broken in two of the 

 human vertebrae. The vertebral bodies from humans, equids and 

 cervids have cut-marks or percussion marks, especially on the ante- 

 rior part of the body. The human axis (M54042, Fig. 1 6A) has cuts on 

 the anterior side of the body along the insertion of the stylohyoid 

 muscle (Fig. 16B). Most transverse processes on human, equid, and 

 cervid vertebrae are broken or cut on the posterior part of the 

 vertebra. One human vertebra shows peeling on the transverse 

 processes. The laminae of the vertebrae, especially those of equids, 



but also of humans and cervids, are also broken (peeled apart in 

 humans) or cut on one side or all round the spinous process. 



Tooth marks are abundant on the vertebrae, with five specimens 

 showing chewing or tooth marks, but only a few of these were clear 

 enough to be measured on the equid sacrum. The type of tooth marks 

 are pits on bone surface (a, average 2mm, N = 2), grooves on bone 

 surfaces (b, average 1 .6 mm, N = 4), and tooth print (g, 2.9 + 2.9, total 

 length 7.9 mm). Trampling marks have been seen on two cervid 

 vertebrae and manganese oxide stains on three vertebrae of equid. 



Summary of vertebrae. Total 19 specimens, 7 human, 7 equid, 5 



cervid 



Cut-marks: 1 1 specimens (3 human, 6 equid, 2 cervid) 



Percussion: 2 specimens ( 1 human, 1 equid) 



Peeling: 2 specimens (2 human) 



Tooth marks: 5 specimens (4 equid, 1 cervid chew mark) 



Anatomical elements: flat bones 



Pelvis: Two equid pelves are the only specimens found of this 

 element. One specimen has the ileum and part of the acetabulum 

 preserved, the other is almost complete with the pubis recently 

 broken. Cut-marks (Fig. 17) are concentrated along the spine and 

 along the posterior edge on the dorsal side of the ileum, as well as on 

 the ridge below the acetabulum, and chop marks are present on the 

 spine near the acetabulum. The most complete pelvis has cut-marks 

 on similar areas but also including the ischium on both sides (dorsal 

 and ventral). Trampling occurs extensively on one of the pelves, and 

 manganese oxide stains occur on both. Both pelves also have carni- 

 vore damage, mainly on the ischium and ventral side of the ileum 

 proximal edge. Types of tooth marks are as follows (Andrews & 

 Fernandez-Jalvo 1997): a (pit marks on bone surface) average 1.5 

 mm, N = 5; b (grooves on bone surface) average 1.5 mm, N = 4; c 

 (punctures on anatomical borders) average 3.5 mm. N = 2. 



Summary of Pelves. Total 2 equid specimens 

 Cut-marks: 2 specimens 



Scapula: The scapula is also poorly represented in the collection, 

 with just four fragments from humans. Cut-marks and scraping 

 marks are extensive on all four scapula fragments. The scapula 

 M54057 which was partially recovered in 1927 has been completed 

 by refitting fragments recovered in 1 987. The cuts are mixed on most 

 scapulae with trampling marks (Fig. 18A). Some incisions are 

 definitively human made because they bend without interruptions 

 and pass over and around curvatures in the bone. They are present on 

 both dorsal and ventral sides. Cuts also occur over areas protected by 

 the curvature of the bone (eg. between acromium and the scapula 

 neck: Fig. 18B). In these positions, trampling is impossible because 

 they are deeply recessed, and further the marks are deeply incised, 

 which is not usual in trampling marks (Andrews & Cook 1 985). Cuts 

 show a random distribution by direction related to the strong muscle 

 attachments. Scrapes occur on the deeply concave angle between the 

 spine and the infraspinatous fossa. Peeling occurs laterally on two 

 specimens (M54057 and M54059) and the latter also has percussion 

 marks on the spine, probably as result of dismembering processes of 

 the humerus from the scapula. Only one scapula (M54057) shows 

 evidence of weathering which is located along the infraglenoid 

 tubercles along the lateral margin, indicating the scapula was resting 

 with the spine down in the soil. 



Summary of scapulae. Total 4 specimens all human 

 Cut-marks: 4 specimens 

 Percussion: 1 specimen 

 Peeling: 2 specimens 



