CANNIBALISM IN BRITAIN: TAPHONOMY OF FAUNAL AND HUMAN REMAINS FROM GOUGH'S CAVE 



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Fig. 12 A, Caudal end of Rangifer tarandus rib, no number, with cut- 

 marks running transversely across the neck of the rib close to the 

 articular facet of the tubercle. B, Caudal end of a human rib, M54009, 

 with both ends broken and cut-marks running transversely across the 

 neck of the rib and into the articular facet of the tubercle. A, x 1 .3; B, x 

 1.4, 



Fig. 13 Generalized view of human rib showing the numbers of cut- 

 marks found on all human ribs from Gough's Cave, and their distribution 

 on the rib. 



Fig. 15 A, Axis vertebra M54042. Numerous cut-marks are present on 

 this bone, particularly along the anterior surface of the body of the 

 vertebra (i.e. on the front of the body, not the back). The conformation of 

 these cut-marks is shown in Fig. 16. There are also cut-marks superiorly 

 next to the articular surface connecting to the atlas vertebra, and in this 

 region there is also peeling of the bone on the lateral aspects on both 

 sides of the articulations. B, Cervical vertebra of Equus ferns (M50068) 

 with cut-marks along lateral-ventral surface. Cut-marks are short and 

 concentrated along the anatomical edge probably related to the 

 detachment between vertebrae. A, x 1.2; B, x 0.65. 



Maxillae: There are two human palates, and three half-maxillae of 

 equid and four of cervid. Two human half-maxillae, with both 

 zygomatics broken, are from the same individual (M54130b), and 

 they fit with mandible M54130a described above (Fig. 21 A). The 

 muscle insertions of the nose and lips (levator muscles and the 

 zygomatic and masseter muscles) are affected by cut-marks on the 

 human specimen, which also has cut-marks on the front of the palate. 

 Apart from cuts, the nasomaxillary bone is heavily modified around 

 the lips and nose, and this is similar to cut-marks seen on the buccal 

 surfaces of the molars (Figs 22, 23) as it is observed in other 

 cannibalistic sites (Atapuerca in Spain, Fontbregoua in France and 



Fig. 14 Right clavicle M54055 diaphysis. Cut-marks are present in two places, two marks on the deltoid insertion and two also where the cortaclavicular 

 ligament attaches to the shaft of the clavicle; x 1. 



