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P. ANDREWS AND Y. FERNANDEZ-JALVO 



Fig. 16 A, Human axis vertebra M54042 showing the conformation of 

 the cut-marks along the anterior surface. This is the area of attachment 

 of the anterior longitudinal ligament, and in addition the superior marks 

 are probably related to the detachment of the axis from the atlas, and the 

 posterior marks to the detachment of the axis from the third cervical 

 vertebra; x 1.2. B, Schematic drawing of human skull and upper 

 vertebrae showing the disposition of two muscles that insert on the 

 internal surface of the mandibular symphysis (digastric muscle) and the 

 back of the skull (stylohyoid muscle). 



Anasazi pueblos in States). Breakage of the zygomatic arches is 

 necessary in order to remove the temporalis muscle so as to open the 

 vault for access to the brain tissues. 



Other animal maxillae are heavily broken, with only alveolar 

 fragments and few premolar and molar preserved in situ. Horses 

 show percussion marks on buccal and lingual sides, or only on the 

 buccal. Cut-marks have not been seen on the bone of horse maxillae, 

 but there are two specimens that show oblique cuts on the buccal side 

 of the premolar/molar toothrow (Figs 2 IB, 22). Extensive percus- 

 sion marks appear on both the lingual and the buccal sides of horse 

 maxillae, and one specimen has adhered flakes also on both sides. It 

 is interesting to note that one horse maxilla has peeling on the palate. 



Fig. 17 Innominate of Equusferus M50028. This bone has been 

 extensively modified, with loss of the extremities and many trampling 

 marks on both surfaces. There are many carnivore tooth marks on the 

 upper border of the ilium, and four chop marks are also present crossing 

 the spine near the superior border of the ilium. More inferiorly there are 

 numerous cut-mark incisions concentrated along the spine; x 0.8. 



With regard to cervids there are cuts only on the buccal side of the 

 maxilla, along the dental series (Fig. 21C). Percussion marks on the 

 lingual side have only been seen on one cervid specimen. No teeth 

 have cut-marks on cervid maxillae, but the teeth are heavily crushed 

 on the lingual side or broken. 



Summary ofhemi-maxillae: Total 9 specimens, 2 human, 3 equid, 4 



cervid 



Cut-marks: 6 specimens (2 human, 2 equid, 2 cervid) 



Percussion: 6 specimens (2 human, 3 equid, 1 cervid) 



Adhered flakes: 1 specimen ( 1 equid) 



Peeling: 1 specimen ( 1 equid) 



Skull: There are three human calottes (frontal, parietal and most 

 part of the occipital) of an adult, adolescent and child. The adult skull 

 is almost complete, although the face is missing (broken at the orbital 

 region and maxilla), and a frontal fragment. There are two cervid 

 skulls, both broken but there is no conclusive evidence of human 

 damage. One of the cervid skulls shows weathering at a stage 1. 



The human calottes show similar patterns to each other regarding 

 cut-marks and percussion marks. Extensive and long cut-marks are 

 present on the temporal insertions of the parietal bones on both sides 

 (Figs 24A, C). Many cuts are also present on the frontal bones (Fig. 

 25) and on the supraorbital ridges (insertions of the orbicular and 

 superciliary muscles), as well as in the eye sockets to extract the eyes 

 (Fig. 24B). On the occipital bones, cuts are also seen along the 



