CRESWELLIAN HUMAN UPPER LIMB REMAINS 



dorsally and interiorly. The trapezoid line is rugose and well defined. 

 The dorsolateral surface of the acromial end has a number of rugose 

 tubercles, perhaps indicating the attachment of M. trapezius. 



There are no signs of degenerative changes on the sternal articular 

 surface, while the acromial facet is pitted and vascular, with some 

 very incipient lipping along the inferior border. 



M.54054(GC89 022)(Fig. 2) 

 Right 



This 108.7mm long fragment represents the proximal end of a right 

 clavicle, preserving the superior portion of the sternal articular 

 surface, most of the corpus laterally to the point of maximum 

 curvature of the proximal shaft, and the superior and dorsal surfaces 

 of the shaft to the proximal part of the M. deltoideus origination area 

 (medial of the conoid tubercle). The inferior portion of the sternal 

 end is broken away. In size and shape (including proximal shaft 

 curvature) this specimen matches M. 54053, with the exception that 

 in M. 54054 the sternal epiphyseal plate is unfused and missing. 

 Oblique cutmarks are evident on the superior surface near the sternal 

 end. 



The M. pectoralis major appears to have been well developed in 

 this individual. The superior line of attachment of the muscle begins 

 as a projecting but only mildly rugose ridge on the anterosuperior 

 margin of the clavicle just lateral of the sternal articular surface. The 

 muscle attachment area is moderately rugose, and leaves a flattened 

 surface laterally on the anterosuperior shaft that is almost continuous 

 with the medial M. deltoideus attachment scar. Only a small portion 

 of the M. deltoideus scar is preserved. Inferiorly, the costoclavicular 

 ligament attachment area is a large, very deep and very rugose pit 

 (Fig. 2B). A very clear ridge extends laterally from the costoclavicu- 

 lar ligament pit, marking the inferior extent of the M. pectoralis 

 major muscle. There also appears to be a crest for M. subclavius 

 extending from this ridge laterally. A tubercle can be seen where the 

 inferior surface of the clavicle is broken, which would be in the area 

 of M subclavius attachment. If this is the antimere to M. 54053, it 

 would indicate some asymmetry in muscularity if not robusticity. 



M.54055 (GC 87 116) (Fig. 3) 

 Right 



This specimen preserves only the diaphysis of a right clavicle. The 

 bone is preserved medially to the sternal metaphysis just medial of 

 the costoclavicular ligament attachment area, and laterally to the 

 area of the trapezoid line. The bone is fairly slender and gracile, with 

 a moderate curvature to the medial and lateral portions of the shaft. 

 In section, the proximal portion of the shaft is a triangle with height 

 larger than base, more distally the shaft is rectangular with length 

 approaching twice the width. Cutmarks (possibly recent) can be seen 

 on the inferior surface just proximal of the conoid tubercle and on the 

 anterosuperior shaft at the lateral end of the M. pectoralis major 

 attachment area. 



The anterior surface of the shaft is mildly rugose, but becomes 

 increasingly so laterally past the point of maximum proximal curva- 

 ture up to the medial end of the M. deltoideus origin area. Around 

 mid-shaft the anterior surface is flat and is delimited by a clear crest 

 superiorly, likely demarcating the lateral part of the M. pectoralis 

 major origin area, which is separated from the small M. deltoideus 

 attachment area by a smooth gap of ca. 10mm. The scar for the 

 deltoid muscle is a small patch of moderately rugose bone on the 

 superior surface of the shaft, with a very thin and small shelf of bone 

 projecting anteriorly. The M. trapezius insertion area is smooth. 



On the inferior surface, there is an inferiorly projecting tubercle 

 on the proximal end of the bone in the area of the attachment of M. 

 sternohyoid. The costoclavicular ligament attachment area is an 

 irtegular oval bounded by a crest anteriorly (perhaps for M. pectoralis 



w 



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^^^^ 



1 



I 



1 





■ ■.'•■v^yB 



Fig. 3 Right clavicle. M.54055. natural size. 3A, superior: 3B inferior. 



major) that gives the attachment area a concave appearance. This 

 crest continues laterally as a blunt ridge, mildly rugose at first but 

 becoming smoother laterally, that continues the length of the proxi- 

 mal shaft. This ridge forms a small sulcus dorsally near the lateral 

 end of the proximal shaft, in the region of the lateral end of the M. 

 subclavius attachment. The conoid ligament is well defined, posi- 

 tioned on the very dorsal edge of the inferior surface and projecting 

 directly inferiorly. The trapezoid line appears as an abnormally large 

 tubercle (at least 10.5mm wide by more than I2mm long and 

 projecting 2mm from the inferior surface of the acromial process). In 

 anterior view this tubercle looks like a facet for a pseudoarthrosis 

 with the coracoid, but when viewed from below there is indication of 

 neither an articular surface nor polished bone. This tubercle appears 

 to represent an "enthesopathic" outgrowth (musculoskeletal stress 

 marker: Hawkey & Merbs, 1995) of bone due to activity or, less 

 likely, a pathological ossification of the trapezoid ligament. 



Morphology 



The Creswellian-associated claviculae from Cough's Cave repres- 

 ent a minimum of two individuals, a larger, relatively robust individual 

 represented by the left and right claviculae M. 54053 and M. 54054 

 and a smaller, somewhat more gracile individual represented by the 

 light clavicle M.54055. The complete left clavicle M. 54053 is long 

 and large relative to late Upper Palaeolithic male claviculae, and the 

 right side M. 54054 has mid-proximal shaft dimensions that are 

 larger than or approximately equal to the mean values for the male 



