CRESWELLIAN HUMAN UPPER LIMB REMAINS 

 Table 3 Mid-shaft clavicular cross-sectional properties. 

 Right claviculae 



Total area (TA) (mm-) 



Cortical area (CA) (mm-) 



Medullary area (MA) (mm-) 



SI second moment of area (I^) (mm"*) 



DV second moment of area (I ) (mm'') 



Maximum 2nd moment of area (I ) (mm"*) 



Minimum 2nd moment of area (I^^^) (mm'') 



Polar moment of area (J) (mm"*) 



Percent cortical area (%CA) 



I/I 



Left claviculae 



Total area (TA) (mm^) 



Cortical area (CA) (mm-) 



Medullary area (MA) (mm-) 



SI second moment of area (I J (mm^) 



DV second moment of area (I ) (mm'') 



Maximum 2nd moment of area (I^^^) (mm'') 



Minimum 2nd moment of area (I^^^) (mm'*) 



Polar moment of area (J) (mm'') 



Percent cortical area (%CA) 



I/I 



1 k 



M.54054 



135.0 



83.6 



51.4 



1502.3 



1026.3 



1502.5 



1026.2 



2528.7 



61.9 



1.46 



1.46 



M.54053 



126.4 

 94.6 



31.8 



1014.3 



1395.8 



1408.8 



1001.3 



2410.1 



74.8 



0.73 



1.4! 



M.54055 



76.5 



56.5 



20.0 



497.7 



387.2 



540.6 



344.3 



884.9 



73,9 



1.28 



1.57 



GCl- 



118.9 



73.9 



45.0 



999.6 



1084.4 



1505.1 



578.9 



2084.0 



62.2 



0.92 



2.60 



GCf 



124.9 



87.3 



37.6 



1319.8 



1154.2 



1752.1 



721.9 



2474.0 



69.9 



1.14 



2.43 



Rochl" 



98.6 



69.8 



28.8 



654.4 



784.1 



824.6 



613.9 



1438.5 



70.8 



0.83 



1.34 



' Cough's Cave 1 . 

 *■ Rocheriel 1 . 



SCAPULAR REMAINS 



M.54056 (M23.1/2 (1959)) (Figs 4-6) 

 Right 



This specimen preserves a portion of the body, spine, coracoid 

 process, axillary border and glenoid fossa of a right scapula (Fig. 4). 

 The fragment measures ca. 123mm superoinferiorly by ca. 76mm 

 mediolaterally. The spine is missing the acromion and all of its upper 

 (superodorsal) border from the 'waist' (the point of minimum thick- 

 ness between the acromion and the flared attachment for M. 

 deltoideus) medially. Laterally the root of the spine is not preserved, 

 nor is any of the vertebral border of the body. The superior surface of 

 the spine is recently altered (from removal of a bone sample for 

 direct dating), and most of the supraspinous fossa (including the 

 superior angle) is absent from the suprascapular notch medially. 

 Only the root of the coracoid is preserved, but virtually all of the 

 glenoid fossa is intact (there is some damage or erosion to the 

 ventroinferior margin). The axillary border is complete down to the 

 distal origin of M. teres major. 



The scapula exhibits numerous cutmarks. There is a series of 

 obliquely oriented marks on the dorsal surface of the body in the 

 infraspinous fossa, a few around the inferior ventral surface of the 

 root of the coracoid and around the area of the supraglenoid tubercle, 

 numerous marks running transversely across the dorsal pillar of the 

 axillary border, and a series of superoinferiorly oriented marks on 

 the dorsal surface at the M. teres major origin. 



The glenoid fossa is a very broad piriform shape (Fig. 5). The 

 articular surface is oriented slightly cranially and dorsally. There is 

 a small (incipient) central pit evident on the articular surface. The 

 attachment for the glenoid labrum can be clearly seen along most of 

 the articular margin, especially so along the dorsal edge. No degen- 

 erative changes are evident on the articular surface. 



There is only a small, smooth projection representing the supra- 

 glenoid tubercle, with a broad, diffuse attachment area (for the 



coracohumeral ligament and for the long head of M. biceps brachii 

 ventrally) extending for 10- 15mm along the superior dorsal margin 

 of the glenoid fossa. The infraglenoid tubercle begins as a broad 

 triangle whose base is positioned along the dorsal-most part of the 

 inferior margin of the fossa. The tubercle is well developed and 

 rugose. The tubercle continues distally as a high, thin dorsal pillar 

 that forms the lateral edge of the axillary border There is also a 

 distinct tubercle on the ventroinferior margin of the glenoid, perhaps 

 indicating a separate muscle slip from M. triceps brachii. 



The axillary border exhibits a ventral sulcus (sulcus ventro- 

 axillaris or sulcus axillaris subscapularis: Gorjanovic-Kramberger, 

 1914; von Eickstedt, 1925). The dorsal pillar (axillary scapular 

 buttress on the dorsal scapular body: Smith, 1 976) forms the extreme 

 lateral edge of the border (Fig. 6). The groove for the circumflex 

 scapular artery is clear. The axillary crest (crista medioaxillaris: 

 Vallois, 1932) is lost superiorly in the rugosity of the infraglenoid 

 tubercle, but can be made out on the dorsal pillar just superior of the 

 groove for the circumflex scapular artery, and can be seen running 

 directly inferiorly along the dorsal edge of the border. The crest is 

 positioned, in its entirety, along the ventral edge of the dorsal pillar. 

 The ventral pillar (ventral axillary scapular buttress) is strongly 

 developed but is medially positioned (superiorly it begins below the 

 middle of the coracoid root, inferiorly it converges with the dorsal 

 pillar at the level of the M. teres major origin), and there is a wide, 

 moderately deep ventral sulcus between the pillars. 



The M. teres minor imprint is distinct (both superior and inferior 

 areas) and a slight crest delineates the attachment area medially. The 

 M. teres major origin area is preserved as a flattened facet that looks 

 as if it continued laterally as a projection from the axillary border 

 (postmortem breakage in this region makes evaluation of the mor- 

 phology difficult). Sorne rugosity is evident along the M. deltoideus 

 attachment area of the preserved portion of the spine. 



This scapula belonged to an adult. The subcoracoid and inferior 

 glenoid fossa rim secondary centres of ossification are both fully 

 fused and the growth lines obliterated (both centres appear around 



