CRESWELLIAN HUMAN UPPER LIMB REMAINS 



The deltoid tuberosity appears to have been two-crested, with the 

 crests being fairly close together. 



M.54062 (GC 87 12/4) (Fig. 1 1 ) 

 Left 



This is a 179.5mm long fragment of diaphysis of a left humerus. The 

 bone is preserved from the anatomical neck proximally to the mid- 

 distal shaft (in the vicinity of shaft minimum circumference) distally, 

 with only the dorsomedial surface preserved. The bone is uniformly 

 weathered and has a series of small marks (perhaps cutmarks) along 

 the medial surface of the distal shaft. 



The nutrient foramen is preserved on the distal medial surface. A 

 part of the groove for the radial nerve is preserved, as is the proximal 

 portion of the ridge forM coracobrachialis. The M. coracobrachia- 

 lis insertion is non-rugose. The dorso-lateral edge of the lateral ridge 

 of M deltoideus is visible along the lateral edge of the fragment. The 

 preserved part of the deltoid tuberosity is non-rugose. The cortical 

 bone is not markedly thick (at the mid-distal diaphysis, the medial 

 cortical thickness measures 2.8mm and the dorsal thickness is 

 3.2mm). In overall size and morphology, this specimen could equally 

 well have been the antimere of either M. 54060 or M. 54061. 



M.54063 (GC Level 14) (Fig. 1 1 ) 

 Left 



This is a 1 1 8.9mm long fragment of the diaphysis of a left humerus. 

 The fragment preserves only the dorsomedial surface of the shaft 

 from the region of the surgical neck (the proximal shaft begins to 

 flare medially very mildly) proximally to the region around the 

 nutrient foramen (and the proximal end of the M. coracobrachialis 

 insertion) distally. This fragment preserves much of the same regions 

 as the left humeral fragment M.54062 ( see above), and therefore they 

 obviously derive from two different individuals. Numerous cutmarks 

 can be seen on the proximal medial surface, and a few cutmarks can 

 also be seen overlying the M. coracobrachialis insertion scar. 



A portion of the lateral ridge of the deltoid tuberosity is preserved 

 in this specimen, and is only mildly rugose. The M. coracobrachialis 

 scar is non-rugose. In the mid-distal shaft (in the vicinity of shaft 

 minimum circumference) the medial cortex is 4.0mm thick, dorsally 

 it is 4.6mm thick. 



M.54064 (GC 87 153 A) (not figured) 



This is a 28.8mm long by 25.4mm wide (maximum) triangular- 

 shaped and mildly curved piece of diaphyseal bone. The cortical 

 bone is thin ( 1 .3mm at the edge) but the trabecular bone filling the 

 internal (concave) surface is thick (9.1mm at its thickest point). It 

 appears to represent a portion of the medial surface of the anatomical 

 neck of a humerus. 



M.54065 (GC 86 19) (not figured) 



This specimen consists of two diaphyseal fragments of a larger long 



bone, possibly a humerus. The fragments are joined by matrix, and 



17 



matrix adheres to much of the external surface of one of the frag- 

 ments. One of the fragments is tubular in shape and is 54.6mm long 

 by 19.2 mm wide. The exposed external surface is slightly weath- 

 ered, and one end of the internal surface shows some slight 

 trabeculation (the other end is filled with matrix). The cortical bone 

 at one edge is 3.1mm thick. 



The second fragment is 75.0mm long by 14.2mm at its widest. It 

 is not certain that this second fragment derives from the same bone 

 as the first, and it is even questionable as to whether it is human. 



Morphology 



The humeral remains from this assemblage represent a minimum of 

 three individuals. Two relatively small people are represented by the 

 right-side humeral fragments M.54060 and M.54061 . Both of these 

 specimens preserve the distal portion of the deltoid tuberosity, and in 

 both the muscle scar is non-rugose. The left-side fragment M.54062 

 also appears to derive from a smaller individual and also has a non- 

 rugose deltoid tuberosity. This latter specimen could reasonably be 

 associated with either of the right-side fragments. The left humeral 

 fragment M.54063 clearly derives from a larger individual, one with 

 mild rugosity of the deltoid tuberosity, and is unlikely to be the 

 antimere of either of the right-side fragments, thus denoting a third 

 individual. 



Little can be said about the morphology of the Creswellian- 

 associated humeri from Cough's Cave. In midshaft cross-sectional 

 properties, the right-side M.54061 is well below even the Upper 

 Palaeolithic female sample means in strength measures (Table 7), 

 suggesting that this element may have belonged to a female or 

 juvenile male. This single specimen also has, judging from the I /I 

 ratio, a midshaft cross-section that was more resistant to bending in 

 the anteroposterior plane than bending in the mediolateral plane, 

 compared to humeri in the reference sample that are more nearly 

 equal in resistance to bending moments in both planes (Table 7). 



ULNAR REMAINS 



M.54066 (GC 87 202, 243, 1 19c) (Figs 13, 14) 

 Right 



This specimen is composed of six fragments that make up most of a 

 right ulna (Fig. 13). Based on size and morphology, this specimen 

 may be the antimere of M. 54067 (see below). The total length of the 

 rejoined fragment is ca. 220mm. Preservation of the two pieces 

 making up the proximal end is very good (there is no erosion or 

 weathering, only peri-/post-mortem breakage damage), whereas the 

 fragments comprising the shaft are more heavily weathered. The 

 proximal end is complete (save for the inferior half of the radial 

 notch and the subjacent diaphysis) distally to the base of the coronoid 



Table 7 Comparative humeral midshaft cross-sectional geometric properties (mean. SD, n). 



M.54061 



U.P.( 



U.R' 



Total U.R 



Total area (TA) (mm-) 



Cortical area (CA) (mm') 



Medullary area (MA) (mm') 



AP 2nd moment of area (I J (mm") 



ML 2nd moment of area (I ) (mm") 



Max. 2nd moment of area (I^^^) (mm") 



Min. 2nd moment of area (\^J (mm") 



Polar 2nd moment of area (J) (mm") 



Percent cortical area (%CA) 



I/I 



l")l 



220.0 



334.5,35.2,10 



271.0,23.7.6 



309.3,41.7. 18 



170.6 



242.8,44.5, 10 



191.1,44.8,6 



224.5,47.7. 18 



49.4 



91.7,26.0, 10 



79.8,21.6,6 



84.7,24.4. 18 



4626.1 



8310.6, 1960.1. 10 



5845.3.1327.6,6 



7324.2, 1991.3, 18 



2978.5 



8917.5, 228 LO. 10 



5314.1. 1575.6,6 



7478.2,2536.0, 18 



4638,8 



9246.5. 2353.5, 6 



7432.4,3166.8,3 



8476.8.2511.9, 10 



2965.7 



5762.0,941.9,6 



4211.7. 1262.3.3 



5286.1. 1 182.3, 10 



7604.5 



17228.2,4156.4,10 



11159.4,2807.0,6 



14802.5,4459.3. 18 



77.5 



72.2,8.5. 10 



69.9, 9.5, 6 



72.1,8.6, 18 



1.55 



0.94.0.09, 10 



1.12,0.17,6 



1.01.0.14, 18 



1.56 



1.59.0.27.6 



1.75.0.46.3 



1.61.0.33. 10 



