20 



S.E. CHURCHILL 



M.54069 (GC 420.1: Level 12. 1950-51 excavations) (Fig. 16) 

 Right 



This is a fragment of aright ulnar diaphysis. fromjust proximal of the 

 M. brachialis scar to just distal of the proximal end of the interos- 

 seous crest. The total length of the fragment is 70mm. The bone is 

 small and gracile and possibly represents a subadult. The bone 

 surface is weathered or calcined. Cutmarks are visible on the 

 superomedial margin of the diaphysis near the distal break. 



The M. brachialis scar is not rugose but the muscle attachment 

 area can be clearly discerned. What appears to be the distal part of a 

 small M. supinator crest is visible on the lateral side. The M. 

 anconeus also appears to be only mildly rugose, but there is damage 

 to the inferior-proximal surface making evaluation of the muscle 

 marking morphology difficult. 



M.54070 (GC 87 1 18 B) (not figured) 



Left 



This is a 47. 8mm by 9. 1 mm diaphyseal fragment of the anteromedial 



shaft of a distal left ulna. The fragment preserves the distal-most two 



centimeters of the M. pronator quadratus crest (which is distinct but 



not markedly large) and the metaphyseal region just proximal of the 



head. 



Fig. 16 Right ulna, M.54069, natural size. 16A, medial; 16B, anterior; 

 16C, lateral. 



surface, and this crest is only mildly rugose. There is only a slight 

 crest evident separating the olecranon and coronoid articular sur- 

 faces in the trochlear notch. 



M.54068 (GC 87 209) (not figured) 



Left 



This is a 121.2mm long (by 15.0mm wide) fragment of left ulnar 



diaphysis. The fragment preserves only the dorsal surface (and part 



of the dorsolateral surface up to the inferior edge of the interosseous 



crest). The specimen is preserved from the region of the distal M. 



anconeus insertion (with cutmarks at the very distal end of the 



insertion area) proximally to around midshaft distally. Cutmarks can 



also be seen on the dorsal surface at the very distal end of the 



fragment. 



The morphology of this specimen compares favourably with the 

 right ulna M. 54066 (see above), and M.54068 may represent its 

 antimere and the distal portion of the left proximal ulnar fragment 

 M. 54067 (see above). 



Morphology 



The Gough's Cave Creswellian ulnar assemblage represents a mini- 

 mum of two individuals, one relatively large (male?) and one smaller 

 and more gracile (perhaps female or juvenile). The right ulnar 

 fragment M. 54066 and the left ulnar fragments M. 54067 and 

 M.54068 are sufficiently similar in size and morphology to suggest 

 that they derive from the same individual. Especially noteworthy is 

 the observation that both bones have generally non-rugose muscle 

 scars, yet both show a more pronounced (although sfill moderate) 

 development of the attachment area of M. supinator. While none of 

 these three specimens exhibit marked muscular rugosity, the external 

 dimensions of the bones tend to be comparable to or greater than the 

 mean values obtained for the late Upper Palaeolithic male sample 

 (Table 9), supporting the suggestion that these remains derive from 

 a male. In terms of mid-proximal shaft cross-sectional strength 

 measures (Table 10), the right ulna M. 54066 falls above the values 

 obtained for the male specimen Cough's Cave 1 . 



A smaller individual is represented by the right ulnar fragment 

 M.54069. This specimen has proximal shaft dimensions that are 

 small even relative to Upper Palaeolithic females (Table 9). 



Table 9 Comparative ulnar osteometries (mean. SD, n). 



Right ulnae 



M.54066 



M.54069 



U.RcJ 



U.R9 



Olecranon length 

 Olecranon height 

 Olecranon breadth 

 Trochlear notch chord 

 Coronoid height 

 Radial facet maximum diam. 

 Radial facet minimum diam. 

 Proximal AP diameter 

 Proximal transverse diam. 

 Proximal circumference 



Left ulna 



20.8 

 24.4 

 26.3 

 23.7 

 37.1 

 (>15) 

 [9.5] 

 18.1 

 18.9 



M.54067 



14.7 

 11.3 

 45 



16.8. 



3.0, 



11 



26.7, 



1.8, 



11 



25.7. 



1.4, 



10 



26.8. 4.0. 



8 



37.3. 



1.8, 



8 



16.4. 



1.9, 



7 



11.4. 



0.7, 



7 



15.1, 



1.5, 



8 



15.8, 



1.5, 



8 



49.6, 



3.2, 



8 



U.Rc? 





16.9, 



2.9, 



11 



25.0, 



1.8, 



11 



24.7, 



2.0. 



10 



16.7.2.0,4 



23.8,1.4,4 



24.1,0.7,3 



22.7,2.7,3 



33.0, 1.1,5 



16.4,-2 



11.2,-2 



15.9,2.5,3 



14.4, 0.5, 3 



46.3, 2.5, 3 



U.R9 



Olecranon length 

 Olecranon height 

 Olecranon breadth 



18.2 

 (25) 

 25.2 



15.9,2.1,3 

 21.4, 1.1,3 

 23.6, -. 1 



All measurements are in millimeters and are defined in Table 8. 



