CRESWELLIAN HUMAN UPPER LIMB REMAINS 



21 



Table 10 Comparative right ulnar mid-proximal cross sectional 

 geometric properties. 



RADIAL REMAINS 



M.5406 



Gough's Cave I 



Total area (TAXmm^) 

 Cortical area (CA) (mm-) 

 Medullary area (MA) (mm-) 

 AP 2nd moment of area (I^) (mni"*) 

 ML 2nd moment of area (I^) (mm"') 

 Max. 2nd moment of area (I,,,^^) (mm^) 

 Min. 2nd moment of area (l^^^j (mm"*) 

 Polar 2nd moment of area (J) (mm^) 

 Percent cortical area (%CA) 



in 



\'n 



208.7 



143.0 



176.0 



131.3 



32.7 



11.7 



3641.9 



1632.5 



3529.8 



1920.1 



4048.3 



2096.7 



3123.3 



1455.9 



7171.7 



3552.6 



84.3 



91.8 



1.03 



0.85 



1.30 



1.44 



Fig. 17 Right radius, M.5407 1 . natural size. 17A, medial; 17B, anterior: 

 17C, lateral (note engraving). 



M.54071 (GC87 60A, 65. 74, 100, & 108 G) (Figs 17, 18) 

 Right 



Five fragments conjoin to make up a portion of the mid-to-distal 

 diaphysis of a right radius (Fig. 17). The dorsolateral surface of the 

 diaphysis is engraved with a series of carat-shaped marks (Fig. 18: 

 see also Andrews & Fernandez-Jalvo, this series of papers). The 

 total length of the fragment is 156.1mm. Only a portion of the 

 distal dorsal shaft and the lateral shaft (from midshaft region to the 

 distal metaphyseal region) are preserved. On the distal-most part 

 of the dorsal surface, several small nutrient foramina can be seen, 

 as well as the beginning of the crest for M. hracbionulialis. The 

 fragment is broken medially before the dorsal (Lister's) tubercle. 

 Proximally, a portion of the M. pronator teres scar can be seen on 

 the superolateral shaft. 



If the M. pronator teres scar is used as a rough indicator of 

 midshaft, this specimen can be aligned with the estimated midshaft 

 of the M. 54066 ulna. Observation of the specimens in this alignment 

 reveals that the two bones may well have belonged to the same 

 individual. Furthermore, the overall size and morphology of this 

 specimen matches well that of the left radial fragment M. 54074/ 

 M. 54075 (below), and likely represents its antimere. 



M.54072(GC87 142) (Fig. 19) 



Left 



This specimen preserves 26.2mm of the anterior portion of the head 



and neck and the proximal margin of the radial tuberosity of a left 



radius. The articular rim is eroded on the medioposterior side of the 



head and the bone is missing from just posterior of the central 



depression of the head. 



The anterior rim of the articular surface of the head does not dip 

 distally towards the radial tuberosity as it does in most radii, but the 

 same morphology can occasionally be seen in recent human radii 

 (personal observation). The subperiosteal bone of the neck slopes 

 mildly anteriorly and blends with the articular rim, such that there is 

 not a steep drop-off from the articular to the non-articular surface as 

 seen in most radii, but again a similar morphology can occasionally 

 be found in recent human radii (personal observation). 



The head is moderately large (mediolateral diameter of the head = 

 23.4mm; proximodistal length of the proximal ulnar facet = 6.2mm) 

 and the neck appears wide (neck mediolateral diameter = 1 5.9mm). 

 The proximal margin of the radial tuberosity appears to be relatively 

 proximally positioned (i.e. is not very far down the shaft), suggesting 

 a short head-neck length in this individual. This specimen may 

 represent the antimere of M. 54073 (see below). 



M.54073 (GC 87 235) (not figured) 

 Right? 



This is a fragment of a proximal radius including a portion of the 

 proximal (capitular) articular surface, the anterior articular rim 

 (preserving the "dip' in the anterior articular surface) and a sliver of 

 the neck down to the beginning of the radial tuberosity. The total 

 fragment length is 24.2mm. When seen in anterior view, the superior 

 articular surface seems to rise slightly to the right, suggesting that 

 this represents a right side radius. 



In addition to a general congruence in size, two aspects of mor- 

 phology are similar to that seen in M.54072 (above). First, the 

 distance from the articular surface (on the anterior aspect) to the 

 begmning of the M. biceps brachii scar is the same as that of 

 M.54072. Second, the di.stal margin of the anterior articular surface 

 slopes onto the neck subperiosteal surface, with no sharp drop. This 

 specimen most likely represents the antimere of M.54072. 



