X BRITISH FOSSIL ECHINODERMATA. 



been studied more completely of late years. Prof. Fraas has given an account of 

 many Numraulitic species (84), and has discovered the large Clypeaster of the Pyramids 

 {Clypeaster j3^(/yptiacus,^n^i), from a Miocene rock. I have since published a ' Mono- 

 graph of the Nummulitic Echinides of Egypt ' (85), in which forty-four species are figured 

 and described, and in another Monograph (86) the Eocene Echinides of Egypt and of 

 Lybia, brought by Professor Zittel from his voyage of discovery with Dr. Rohlfs, 

 the new species are added by me to that interesting Echinitic fauna. I may remark 

 en passant that I have given in these monographs figures of the masticating apparatus of 

 Cotioclypeus conoideus which Dr. Zittel had already discovered. This genus ought, 

 therefore, to be removed from the family of the Cassidulid^, in which it has hitherto 

 been classed. 



Our knowledge of the fossil Echinides of Asia is not yet very extensive. Since 

 the ' Monograph on the Nummulitic Beds of India,' by MM. d'Archiac and J. Haime, 

 the only extended memoir which has been published on the subject, to my know- 

 ledge at least, is that of M. Stolitzka (87), on the ' Echinoderms of the Cretaceous 

 Formations of India,' in which thirty-eight species are figured and described. Some 

 isolated documents may still be noticed. Prof. Duncan has enumerated eleven Creta- 

 ceous species collected in the South-east of Arabia, and at Bagh on the Nerbudda 

 (88). He has likewise given indications of the Cretaceous Echinides of Sinai (89). 

 M. Cotteau, in a notice on the Echinides collected in Syria by M. L. Lartet, has 

 described some new species. Prof. Fraas (91), in his recent travels in Lebanon, has^ 

 satisfactorily proved that the spines so long known under the name of Cidaris glandifera^ 

 and believed to be identical with those from the Sequanian stage are, on the contrary, 

 distinct, and are found in Cenomanian beds. M. Fuchs, lastly, has made known some 

 Echinides from the Miocene beds of Persia (92). 



In the Island of Borneo Nummulitic beds are found containing Echinides, of Avhich 

 M. Fritsch has described some, establishing the genus Verheelda, still very imperfectly 

 characterised (93). 



Thanks to Professor Zittel we know some Echinides from the Tertiary strata of New 

 Zealand (94). 



Many recent works, have had for their object the Echinides from the Tertiary strata 

 of Australia; whence new species have been described by M. Laube (95), Mr. Etheridge 

 (96), and Prof. Duncan (97), who has given a list of the species from the Tertiary 

 strata of Australia actually known. They are to the number of twenty-four, and' 

 embrace two new genera, ParadoxecJdnus, Laube, and Meyalaster, Duncan. 



It now remains for us to cross the Pacific to California, where we shall have to 

 remark upon some very curious Miocene and Pliocene species of Echinides, discovered 

 by Mr. Remond (98), and figured anew by Dr. Gabb (99). Some new species are still 

 to be indicated from the Eocene of South Carolina, by M. Conrad. Beyond this I have 

 only been able to discover a few isolated notices upon the Secondary and Tertiary 



