36 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. 



points of origin and insertion, so far as they are connected with the part of the skull under 

 consideration. 



The ligaments which connect the head wath the neck are the following: — The cervical 

 ligament, or " hgamentum nuchae," which is comparatively small in the genus Eelis, springs 

 from the neural spine of the first dorsal vertebra, and passes among the muscles of the neck 

 to its insertion on the summit of the occipital crest. The " atlo-cephalic capsular," the 

 representative of the capsular of the head in man, occupies the position expressed by its 

 name. It connects the skull, not only with the atlas, but also with the odontoid process of 

 the axis. The " anterior superficial atlo-cephalic" is the equivalent of the " anterior cervical" 

 in man. It springs from the anterior and upper border of the hypapophasis of the atlas, 

 and is inserted into the posterior border of the basi-occipital. The "median superficial 

 posterior atlo-cephalic," the posterior superficial of the atlas in man, fills the space between 

 the upper part of the foramen magnum and the corresponding part of the atlas. It also 

 extends down the sides of the posterior portion of the paroccipital fossa, which it connects 

 with the exterior of the glenoid cavity of the atlas. The " rectus posterior capitis" has 

 its origin in this ligament. The " deeper" ligament of the same name as the last appears 

 to be simply the fibrous envelope of the spinal cord. The " anterior lateral atlo-cephalic,'' 

 or ligament of the first vertebra in human anatomy, springs from the border of the glenoid 

 cavity of the atlas, and is inserted into the basi-occipital on the inner border of the 

 condyles. The " lateral atlo-cephalic," a strong ligament not found in man, has its 

 insertion on the internal border of the paroccipital fossa, whence it passes downwards 

 and backwards, and is attached to the inferior border of the glenoid cavity of the atlas. 

 It hinders the excessive rotation of the head on the atlas. Two other smaller ligaments, 

 having the same function, are called the " superficial," and the " deep transverse posterior," 

 *' atlo-cephalic." They have the same insertion as the last, but pass upwards and back- 

 wards to their points of attachment on the upper border of the neurapophysis of the 

 atlas. They are not found in man. The " lateral odonto-cephalic," having the same 

 name in man, closes the list ; it passes from the end of the odontoid process to the 

 inferior angle of each occipital condyle. 



In giving a list of the nuiscles attached to this part of the skull, we will begin with 

 those that serve for the movement of the wdiole head. 



The great " complexus"^ of man is represented in Eelis by two muscles, that called 

 " biventer cervicis" by Eustachius and Albinus, the " intersectus" of Straus-Durkheim, 

 and that to which the latter author confines the name of " complexus." The insertion of 

 the " intersectus" is on the inner portion of the occipital arch, over the foramen magnum. 

 Thence it passes backwards, dividing into four principal tendinous roots, which are 

 attached to the transverse processes of the seventh cervical and first three dorsal vertebra'. 

 It adheres to the cervical ligament through its whole length. Above this lies the " com- 



' Op. cit., vol. ii, p. 241 et seq. 



