156 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. 
the supposition that the animal remains have not been examined; and consequently the 
range of the animal through Britain, so far as extant evidence goes, is fairly represented, 
although, of course, it may be modified from time to time by future discoveries. Its 
metropolis was West Somerset, where it was incredibly numerous; thence it ranged 
throughout England as far as the North Riding of Yorkshire, being very rare in propor- 
tion to the other animals living at the time. Its absence from Scotland, Cumberland, and 
Westmoreland, and its extreme rarity in North Wales, may be accounted for by the fact 
that the mountains in those districts were crowned by glaciers during the Post-glacial 
epoch, which would necessarily involve a climate unfitted for the great development of 
the Herbivora in regions much broken up into hill and valley, and the consequent absence 
of the Carnivores. In Scotland, at least, there is no other hypothesis that will account 
for the absence of every animal that can be ascribed to the Post-glacial group, excepting the 
Mammoth, which has been found in a few places, and which has been proved by the 
Siberian discoveries to have been capable of existing in the zone of vegetation represented 
by the Scotch Fir. If it be objected to this view that the Reindeer flourished in count- 
less herds in a Siberian and North-American climate at least as severe as that of the 
 Post-glacial winter in Britain, it may be answered that in Siberia and North America, 
where animal life is so abundant, the country consists of plains elevated but little above 
the sea-level, and capable of affording good pasturage in the short arctic summer, while 
in Scotland, Wales, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, the broken nature of the ground 
could not ever have admitted of the growth of feed for a large body of Herbivores. 
The animal also has not been found in Ireland, most probably because only one of the 
numerous caves of that country has been properly explored, the energies of collectors 
being directed towards the acquisition of prehistoric remains from the turbaries and alluvia. 
§ 2. Mammals associated with the Cave Lion in Britain.—In the following table we 
have given a list of all the fossil animals associated with the Cave Lion in the bone-caves 
and river-deposits of Great Britain. The varieties Cervus Bucklandi of Professor Owen 
and Cervus Guettardi of Baron Cuvier are included under the general specific name of 
Cervus tarandus ; and Strongyloceros speleus of the former under Cervus elaphus. Equus 
fossilis is also intended to include Lguus asinus, which, up to the present time, has not 
been proved to have lived in North-Western Europe during the Post-glacial epoch. 
Hlephas antiquus also is intended to include H/ephas priscus, a name which the author of 
the species, Dr. Falconer, gave up during the last years of his life.’ The Rhinoceros lepto- 
rhinus of Owen is used as the exact equivalent of the Rhinoceros hemitechus of Dr. 
Falconer, and of what M. Lartet? takes to be represented by the 2. Merckii of Dr. Kaup. 
With the exception of the lists of animals from Long Hole, Northhill Tor, Spritsail Tor, 
and Cefn Caves, for which we are indebted to Dr. Falconer, all the species have been 
determined by a personal examination of the remains. 
1 «Paleontological Memoirs,’ 8vo, vol. ii, pp. 251, 592, 1868. 
2 «Ann. des Sc. Nat.,’ 5° sér. Zool. et Paléont., tom. viii, p. 157, et seq. 
