160 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. 
presence of tle Musk-sheep, the only arctic mammal found, the Mammoth, and tichorhine 
Rhinoceros may be accounted for in the midst of the hardiest portion of the Pliocene 
mammalia, the Red Deer, Horse, Urus, and others, and even with RA. megarhinus, in the 
brickpits of Crayford. 
On the whole, therefore, there is a high probability that the fresh-water deposit at 
Clacton and the Brickearths of the Thames Valley form the first terms of the Post-glacial 
series, that is to say, of a series characterised by the mvasion of Western and Central 
Europe by the arctic group of mammals; that they are of a higher antiquity than the 
majority of British fluviatile deposits; and that they bridge over that interval between 
the Pliocene and Post-glacial or Quaternary epochs, which is sharply marked in Britain by 
Glacial phenomena, but which, in France and Italy, is not sharply defined. Such is the 
nature of the evidence on which we have founded our belief that these two deposits are 
more ancient than the ordinary Post-glacial brickearths and gravels, and that they con- 
sequently present the most ancient traces of the Cave Lion in Britain. 
The Cave Lion has also been found im association with the Pliocene Machairodus in 
Kent’s Hole, but the occurrence of that animal does not stamp the Pliocene age of the 
cave, because of the enormous number of Reindeer, Cave Hyzenas, Mammoths, ticho- 
rhine Rhinoceroses, and other characteristic post-glacial mammals that were also found. 
Its presence can only be accounted for on the supposition that it strayed up northwards 
from its southern habitat very much in the same way as its congener the Tiger does now 
in Northern Asia. There is, indeed, nothing more improbable in the idea that the 
Machairodus of Kent’s Hole preyed upon the Reindeer of the neighbourhood than that 
a Tiger specifically the same with that of India should at times prey upon the same 
animal in Siberia at the present day. It proves, however, one important fact, that while 
the Post-glacial fauna were m full possession of the British area, the Pliocene fauna, of 
which it is a member, occupied a zoological province further to the south. 
What, then, is the range of the Cave Lion in time in Great Britain? It is found neither 
in the Forest-bed nor in the ancient land-surface underlying the marine Crag of Norfolk 
and Suffolk, whence the water-worn remains of terrestrial Mammalia were ultimately 
derived. It first occurs at Clacton, Ilford, and Crayford, and it subsequently lived in 
incredible numbers in the South of England during the occupation of the country by 
the arctic group of Mammals. At the close of the Post-glacial or Quaternary period 
it disappeared utterly, no trace of it having yet been found in any prehistoric deposit. 
§ 4. Continental range-—Nor on the mainland of Europe has the Cave Lion been 
proved to have existed during the Pliocene epoch. In France it has been found in the 
caverns of Echenoz and Fovent (in Haut-Sadne), of Gondenaus (Doubs), of Lunelviel 
(Heérault), of Pondres and St. Julien d’Ecosse (Garde) ;' and in that of Aurignac described 
1 Gervais, ‘ Paléontologie Francaise,’ p. 123. 
