8 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. 



Specific Characters. — Shell thin, oblong, nearly cylindrical, marked slightly by 

 numerous oblique and convex lines of growth ; whorls 5 — 6, convex, the penulti- 

 mate slightly the largest; spire long, abruptly diminishing at the apex to a blunt 

 point ; suture deep ; mouth circular, except where it is truncated by the last whoi-l; 

 lip thin, slightly reflected; umbilicus narrow, contracted by the pillar. 



Dimensions. — L. 3 mm. B. l"5mm. 



Distribution. — Recent -. from the Moray Firth to Gruernsey, from the Amiir and 

 Lapland to Sicily ; Armenia ; Abyssinia (J. W. Taylor) ; Madeira and the Azores 

 (Scharff) ; many parts of North America from Alaska to Florida. 



Fossil: Icenian Crag: Bramerton (Norwich Museum). Pleisto- 

 cene : Clacton, Barnwell, West Wittering, Fisherton, Copford, Ponders End, 

 Dogholes near Carnforth, Glarvel Park near Glreenock. Holocene: Chignal, 

 Crossness; Hampshire (Kennard and B. B. Woodward). 



Pleistocene : Mosbach, Germany ; Hungary ; France. Lower and Upper 

 Holocene of Sweden and Denmark (Nordmann). Loess of Muscatine, Iowa, U. S. 



Bemarks. — 8. edentalum was found thirty years ago by Mr. Jas. Reeve at 

 Bramerton ; it has not been met with since in the Crag, either at that locality or 

 elsewhere. 



Genus PYRAMIDULA, Fitzinger, 1833. 

 Pyramidula rysa (S. Y. Wood). 



1848. Helix rysa, S. V. Wood, Mou. Crag Moll, pt. i, p. 4, tab. i, fig-. 1. 



1875. Patula (Janulus) rysa, Bandberger, Land Sussw. Conch. Vorw., p. 737. 



1890. Helix rysa, C. Eeid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., pp. 85, 229, pi. v, fig. 1. 



1899. Pyramidula rysa, Kennard and B. B. Woodward, Proc. Malac. Soc, vol. iii, p. 190. 



1909. Pyramidula rysa, Taylor, Laud Freshw. Moll. Brit., vol. iii, p. 195, fig. 249. 



Specific Characters. — See Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 4. 



Dimensions. — Diam. 16 mm. H. 6 mm. 



Distribution. — Not known living. 



Fossil : Waltonian Crag : Walton-on-Naze. Newbournian : Wald- 

 ringfield. 



Remarks. — In addition to the specimen from Walton in the Museum at Saffron 

 Walden recorded by Wood, another, now at Ipswich, was subsequently obtained at 

 Waldringfield by the Rev. H. Canham. 



Jeffreys regarded this form as a variety of P. rufescens, but Messrs. Kennard 

 and B. B. Woodward and Mr. J. W. Taylor follow Wood in considering it a distinct 

 species. Mr. Taylor states its affinities are with the primitive molluscan fauna now 

 restricted to the island of Madeira. 



