14 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. 



Greece, from the late Canon Tristram's collection. Mr. A. Bell informs me that 

 to the best of his remembrance the Crag fossil was somewhat larger. 



Genus HELICIGONA, Risso, 1819. 



Helicigona arbustorum (Linne). 



1758. Helix arbustorum, Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 771, no. 596. 

 1848. Helix arhustorum, S. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 3, tab. i, lig. 2. 

 1853. Helix arhustorum, Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., vol. iv, p. 48, pi. cxv. figs. 5, 6. 

 1862. Helix arhustorum, .Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. i, p. 188, pi. xi, fig. 4, 

 1890. Helix arhustorum, C. Keid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 228. 



1897-1901. Helicigona arbustorum, T^ennsiYd and B. B. Woodward, Essex Nat., vol. x, pp. 103 et seq., 

 1897; Proc. Malac. Soc, vol. iii, p. 193, 1899; Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. xvii, pp. 217 et seq. 1901. 



Specific Characters. — See Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 2. 



Dimensions. — Diam. 16 — 22 mm. H, 14 — 20 mm. 



Distribution. — Recent : Great Britain, locally, in moist and shady places from 

 Shetland to Cornwall; abroad, from Lapland and Iceland to Spain and North 

 Italy. 



Fossil : Butleyan Crag : Butley. Icenian — Norivicli zone : Colti- 

 shall, Postwick, Baston Bavent, Southwold. Weyhourne zone : East Runton ; 

 Freshwater bed, West Runton. Many localities in the Pleistocene and Holocene 

 deposits of Great Britain and the Continent. 



Uemarhs. — This species was reported by Wood from Southwold onl}^ but 

 specimens have been obtained since from the Red Crag of Butley and the Icenian 

 of Coltishall (Brit. Mus.) and of Postwick (Mus. Pract. Geol.). Dr. Nordmann 

 reports it from the Holocene of Denmark and Sweden. It occurs also in the loess 

 of Enskirchen, Lower Pleistocene of Mosbach, in the Middle and Upper Pleistocene 

 of Lyons, Nussdorf near Vienna, Bruchsal in Baden and elsewhere. The var. 

 alpestris, Ziegler, of this species has been found in the Pleistocene gravels of 

 Barnwell near Cambridge (A. Bell) and of Copford in Essex (Jeffreys). The latter 

 authority states that the same form occurs living and abundantly at Hoddesdon in 

 Hertfordshire on the marshes in the valley of the Lea. 



Genus HELIX, Linne. 

 Helix lactea, Midler. Plate I, fig. 2. 



1774. Helix lactea, Miiller, Verm. terr. fluv. Hist., pt. ii, \>. 19, no. 218. 



1786. Helix fatix-nigra, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vol. ix, p. 127, taf. 130, fig. 1161. 



1853. Helix lactea, Eeeve, Conch. Icon., vol. vii (Helix), pi. cxlvii, fig. 955. 



