JAMINIA MUSCORUM. 19 



1826. Jaminia mnsconun, Risso, Hist. Nat. Enrop. inerid., vol. iv, p. 88, uo. 201. 



1853. Pujjamnscorum, Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., vol. iv, p. 97, pi. cxxi.K, figs. 8, 9. 



1862-71. Pupa marginata, Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. i, p. 249, pi. xv, fig. 4, 1862; Quart. Journ. 



Geol. Soc , vol. xxvii, p. 493, 1871. 

 1872. Piqm. mnscorum, S. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., 1st Suppl., p. 3, tab. 1, fig. 7. 

 1872. Pupa muscorum, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Greol. Assoc, vol. ii, p. 213. 



1889. Pupa muscorum, Lorie, Bull. Soc. Belg. Gcol., vol. iii (Memoires), p. 436. 



1890. Pupa marginata, C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 229. 



1897-1901. Pupa, mtiscorum, Kennard and B. B. Woodward, Essex Nat., vol. x, p. 108, 1897 ; Proc. 

 Malac. Soc, vol. iii, p. 194, 1899 ; Proc. G-eol. Assoc, vol. xvii, pp. 229 et seq, 1901. 



Specific GItaracters. — Shell minute, ratlier solid, subcylindrical, finely striated 

 in the lines of growth ; whorls 6 — 7, convex, but slightly compressed, well defined, 

 the last about one-third the total length, the first two much smaller than the rest ; 

 apex blunt and abrupt ; suture distinct ; mouth forming nearly two-thirds of a 

 circle, generally with a tubercular tooth on the columella nearly in the middle ; 

 outer lip sharp, reflected, with a thick external rib a little distance from the 

 margin; inner lip spread on the pillar; limbilicus small and shallow. 



Dimensions. — L. 3*;3 mm. B. 1*5 mm. 



Bistrihution. — Recent : everywhere in Great Britain, from the Shetlands to the 

 Channel Isles, especially near the sea coast; less plentiful in Scotland and the 

 centre of Ireland ; abroad from Iceland, Lapland, and Siberia to central Europe, 

 Spain, Corsica, and Sicily (Jeffreys) ; North America (G-. 0. Sars) ; Asia and 

 North Africa (J. W. Taylor). 



Fossil: Butleyan Crag : Butley. Icenian — Norivichzone: Bramer- 

 ton, Yarn Hill. Wei/hourne zone ; North Walsham boring. Widely diffused in 

 the Pleistocene and Holocene deposits of Great Britain. 



Pleistocene of France, Holland, Belgium, Sweden and Germany ; Algeria. 

 Upper Lahontan beds of Nevada, forest bed of Lawrenceburg, Indiana, loess of 

 Iowa. Holocene : Sweden (Nordmann). 



Remarks. — The only specimens of J. muscorum known to S. V. Wood were one 

 found by Mr. A. Bell in the Red Crag of Butley, and another by myself in the 

 Icenian Crag of Bramerton. It has been obtained since from the latter horizon at 

 Yarn Hill by Mr. R. E. Leach, and at Butley by Mr. Kennard. Dr. Lorie 

 records it from the Amstelien deposits met with in one of the Amsterdam borings 

 at 230 metres. Elsewhere on the continent it is unknown from any bed of earlier 

 age than the Middle Pleistocene of Wiesbach, Cannstadt, and Wiesbaden 

 (Kennard and B. B. Woodward). 



Jeffreys, who adopted for this form Draparnaud's name of Pupa marginata, 

 says that when found in marine deposits such as those of the English Crag, it 

 indicates the former presence of littoral conditions, as it not only peculiarly affects 

 sandy shores and maritime places, but is w^ashed down in great numbers by 

 estuarine rivers, and thrown up on the beach by the reflux of the tide. 



