36 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. 



SiJecific Characters. — See Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 111. 



Dimensions. — L. 12 mm. B. 6 mm. 



Distribution. — Becent : everywhere in England and Ireland, but absent from 

 western Wales and from Scotland north of the Firth of Forth ; distributed more or 

 less generally in Europe. Asia : Siberia, Manchuria, Asia Minor, Cashmere, 

 Bengal, Singapore, North China. Africa : Algeria, Morocco (J. W. Taylor). 

 G-reenland (Fran enf eld). 



Fossil : Icenian Crag : Bramerton, Southwold, Bulchamp ; 

 Freshwater-bed, "West Runton. Pleistocene : Barnwell, Woodston, Holderness, 

 Selsey and elsewhere. Holocene : Great Britain. 



Lower Pliocene (Congeria Beds) : Taman, Caucasus. Middle Pliocene : 

 Hauterive, France (Kennard and B. B. Woodward). Pleistocene: France — 

 Menchecourt, Joinville-le-Pont, near Paris. Glermany — Potsdam (J. W. Taylor). 

 Newer Holocene: Sweden and Denmark (Nordmann). 



Remarks. — This common British species was known to Wood from Bramerton 

 and Bulchamp. It has been since obtained in the Icenian beds at Southwold and 

 in the freshwater deposits of West Runton. Although only found in the latest 

 horizons of the English Crag it occurs on the Continent in beds of Lower 

 Pliocene age. Messrs. Kennard and B. B. Woodward report it from many 

 localities of the Holocene and Pleistocene deposits of southern England. 



Mr. J. W. Taylor informs me it has been introduced into North America, and 

 is gradually spreading. 



Genus VI VIP AR A, Lamarck, 1809. 

 Vivipara glacialis (S. V. Wood). Plate I, fig. 17. 



1872. Paludina glacialis, S. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., 1st SuppL, p. 68, pi. iv, fig. 14; pi. vii,fig. 25; 



1880. Paludina glacialis, Saudberger, Palseontogr., vol. xxvii, p. 85. 



1890. Paludina glacialis, C. Eeid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 229, pi. v, fig. 6. 



1899. Vivipara glacialis, Kennard and B. B. Woodward, Proc. Malac. Soc, vol. iii, p. 199. 



Specific Characters. — Shell strong, conical, elongate ; whorls 5, flat, regularl}^ 

 tapering to a very blunt point, the last excavated below, rather more than half 

 the total length ; suture distinct, channelled ; mouth oval, acute-angled above ; 

 peristome continuous ; umbilicus closed. 



Dimensions. — L. 20 mm. B. 10 mm. 



Distribution. — Not known Hying. 



Fossil : Icenian Crag — Noridclt. zone : Coltishall (Norton). Wey- 

 bourne zone : East Runton, Belaugh, Rackheath ; Freshwater-bed, West Runton. 

 Middle Glacial Sands : Hopton Cliff (?). 



