xxxviii BRITISH GRAPTOLITES. 



1855 The German palaeontologist, Roemer, described and figured 



Boemer, eight species of Monograpsus from the Harz region, namely, 



" Graptolithen am the (1) M. priodon, (2) M. latus, (3) M. Sagittarius, (4) 



Harz," ' Neues jf # proteus of earlier observers, and four new forms, viz. (5) 



Jahrbuch,' vol. vii. M Jiingsti) ((;) M po i yo donta, (7) M. oblique-truncatus, 



and (8) M. sub-dentatus; but his drawings are so poor that it is impossible to 



identify the species. His form M. sub-dentatus is, however, probably the same as 



the M. dubius of Suess. 



A number of American species of Graptolites and some 

 new genera were described and figured by Emmons in his 



. ', , 'American Geology,' in 1855. These include (1) Diplo- 



' American Geology, °"' ... 



yo ] j grapsus secalinus (= Fucoides simplex, Emm.), (2) D. rugosus, 



(3) D. dissimilaris ( = Climacograptus fragment), (4) D. 

 ciliatus, (5) D. obliquus, (6) Monograptus elegans ( = probably a fragment of a 

 Dichograptid), and (7) M. rectus. The first new generic name proposed by him is 

 Cladograptus, for Graptolites bearing " serrations or cells arranged on the outer 

 edges of a branching stipe, axis none." This genus is held to embrace two new 

 species, viz. (8) 0. dissimilaris, and (9) G. inequalis. These species, however, 

 certainly belong to the genus Dicranograptus ; and as the generic name Clado- 

 graptus had already been employed by Geinitz, Emmons' title never came into 

 use. 



The second new genus proposed by Emmons is, however, generally accepted at 

 the present day. This is named Glossograptus, with his G. ciliatus as its type. 

 He suggests that probably his own species Diplog. ciliatus and D. crinitusm&j belong 

 to this genus. Emmons lays great stress on the existence of the free solid axis 

 extended beyond the body of the stipe in Glossog. ciliatus, and believes that it may 

 have " served to attach the Graptolite to other objects ; " or else the animal may 

 have floated freely in the sea. The first of these views of Emmons has received 

 much support from the recent discoveries of Ruedemann. 



Emmons' third genus, Staurograptus, with its type species (11) 8. dichotomus, 

 is evidently founded upon the proximal part of a Dichograptid, with only four 

 branches showing clearly, and the generic name has never come into use. 



His fourth genus, Nemagraptus, is suggested for forms having an " axis elon- 

 gated and thread-like, simple or compound branches round at the base, and flattened 

 at their extremities, with cells which appear to be arranged on the flattened part of 

 (lie axis instead of the margins." Of the two examples, viz. (12) N. elegans and 

 (13) .V. capillaris, described by Emmons, the former is clearly a fragment of 

 the form subsequently described and figured by Hall as his Graptolithus gracilis, 

 and afterwards made by him the type of his genus Goenograptus. 



Emmons' descriptions of all his species are meagre in the extreme, and his 

 figures so poor that it is very difficult to identify the forms. All the species 



