444 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. 



1879. Turritella incrassata, var. subangulata, S. V. Wood, Mori. Crag Moll., 2nd Suppl., p. 27, pi. ii, 

 fig. 17. 



1880. Tnrritella subangulata, Fontanues, Moll, plioc. Vail, du Khoue, vol. i, p. 196, pi. xi, fig. 1. 

 1882. Turritella subangulata, vou Koenen, Nord-deutsch. Miociin. Moll. -fauna, pt. ii, p. 287, no. 192. 

 1886 Turritella subangulata, Dollfus et Dautzenberg, Fenilles des jeunes Nat., vol. xvi, p. 138. 

 1889-95. Turritella subangulata, Sacco, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., vol. viii, p. 353, no. 1904, 1889 ; T. (Zaria) 



subangulata, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt. xix, p. 9, pi. i, figs. 30, 31, 32, 1895. 

 1912. Turritella (Zaria) subangulata, Cerulli-Irelli, Palaeont. Ital., vol. xviii, p. 159, pi. xxiv, figs. 34, 



35, 36. 

 1912. Turritella (Zaria) subangulata, Cossmann, Ess. Pak'oconch. compar., vol. ix, p. 113, pi. ix, fig. 9. 

 1912. Turritella subangulata, Tesch, Med. v. d. Rijks. v. Delfstoffen, no. iv, p. 72, no. 165 



Specific Characters. — Shell turriculate with an elongate and regularly conical 

 spire; whorls 10 or 12, convex, ornamented by spiral lines or fine ridges varying 

 in size, the central and more prominent one forming a distinct keel, and by incon- 

 spicuous and flexuous lines of growth, often nearly obsolete ; suture slight ; apex 

 acute ; inner lip extending over the pillar. 



Dimensions. — L. 40—45 mm. B. 12 — 15 mm. 



Distribution. — Not known living. 



Fossil : Coralline Crag : Sutton. Waltonian : Walton-on-Naze, 

 Little Oakley. Newbournian : Waldringfield. Probably elsewhere in Red Crag. 

 Scaldisien : Holland. 



Miocene : Touraine, North Germany, Italy, Portugal. 



Lower Pliocene : Rhone valley, Biot, Piedmont. 



Upper Pliocene : Piedmont, Bologna, Orciano, Livorno, Monte Mario, Reggio, 

 Messina, Altavilla, Caltabiano. 



Pleistocene : Santa Cristina, Monteleone, Naso, Barcellona-Castroreale. 



Remarks. — Brocchi described two allied shells as Turbo subangidatus and 

 T. acutangulus, but the last named is now generally considered a variety of the 

 first, the difference between them being one of sculpture. As both of them have 

 been reported from the Crag, I figure a specimen from the Italian Pliocene which 

 may represent more or less nearly the latter form ; the sub-generic term Zaria, of 

 which T. subangulata is taken as the type, has been adopted for a group of the 

 Turritellidas with whorls angulated in the centre. 



The specimen from the Coralline Crag figured by Wood as T. incrassata, var. 

 subangulata (op. cit.) may probably represent the present species, as may also those 

 from Oakley here represented ; the sculpture of the latter, however, is somewhat 

 coarser and the central angulation is more prominent than in Brocchi's type, but 

 they correspond very closely with two of Prof. Sacco's varieties (op. cit., figs. 31, 32). 



Var. mediocarinata (de Gregorio). Plate XLII, fig. 17. 



1814. Turbo acutangulus, Brocchi, Conch, foss. subap., vol. ii, p. 368, pi. vi, fig. 10. 



1856. Turritella subangulata, Homes, Foss. Moll. Tert. Wien, vol. i, p. 428, pi. xliii, figs. 5, 6, 



