32 FOSSIL ESTHERS. 



hinge-border, however, are said to be more distinct, and the ridges of the concentric 

 wrinkles narrower and sharper; its length and height are as 4 : 3. 



Prof. Fridolin Sandberger, of Carlsruhe, favoured me, in December, 1861, through the 

 medium of Prof. H. G. Bronn, with some specimens of E. tenella from the Murgthal. 

 Schwarzwald, labelled " From the uppermost beds of the Coal- formation, Sulzbach; 

 Valley of the Murg. The place where it was found is now closed up." The specimens 

 are of a black stony shale, or slate, with white streak. The Estherice are represented by 

 black films and impressions of flattened valves lying crowded on the planes of bedding 

 (j inch apart), together with fish-scales, mica, and small decomposing crystals of pyrites. 



The carapace-valves are but poorly represented, and have left no trace of their ornament 

 in these specimens, one of which is figured, PI. V, fig. 6. 



2. A very similar form, from the Coal-measures of Lancashire, has lately been shown 

 to me by my friend, Mr. Binney, who has so largely contributed to the series of palaeozoic 

 Estherice described in this monograph. On a small piece of fine-grained, micaceous, red, 

 argillaceous sandstone, from Mr. Jackson's pit at Astley, Lancashire (midway between 

 Wigan and Manchester), are several badly preserved casts of a small Estheria (PL V, fig. 

 5), associated with numerous casts of a Beyrichia (PL V, figs. 16, 17). "It is from the 

 LIpper Coal-measures, and was met with about 50 yards above the Four -foot Coal of 

 Worsley, Pendleton, &c." 



This little Estheria is apparently identical with that from the Murgthal. 



3. A somewhat larger, but very similar Estheria, has been noticed by Mr. Salter lately 

 in the shales of the Four-foot Coal of Bradford, near Manchester. PL V, fig. 1, represents 

 one of the impressions from the shale ; where they are not numerous, and are associated 

 with Anthracomya (?) and Cyprida (PL V, figs. 13, 14). 



4. In the ironstone associated with the same coal there are similar Estherice, but still 

 larger (PL V, figs. 2 — 4), which were also brought under my notice by my friend Mr. 

 Salter. These are casts, but they retain faint traces of sculpturing (fig. 5), which appears 

 to me to have been a reticulation, modified by pressure and crumpling, by which the 

 interspaces have been thrown into short puckers parallel with the ridges. 



The Four-foot Coal of Bradford, near Manchester, is regarded by Mr. Binney and other 

 geologists, as being most probably equivalent to the Four-foot Coal of Pendleton and 

 Worsley, and the Ellam's Coal near Binglcy. 1 The Fom--foot Coal is found at 115 yards 

 from the pit's mouth at Agecroft Colliery ; and the fire-clay above, and the clay-floor of 

 the coal are full of Stiymaria ficoides (ibid., p. 161). The Four-foot Coal of Bradford, here 

 referred to, is on the horizon of the Upper Coal-measures of Ardwick, near Manchester, and 

 and is therefore near the top of the Upper Coal-measures. 



1 Binney, 'Transact. Geol. Soc. Manchester,' 18 -11, vol. i, pp. "0, "3, ami 158. As the Manchester 

 coal-field is cut off by strong faults from the neighbouring coal-fields, there is some uncertainty in the 

 exact correlation of these seams of coal. Still, there is no doubt that they belong to the same upper 

 portion of the Coal-measures. (See 'Map Geol. Survey,' Sheets SO & 89.) 



