CANIS. b) 
and Keller’ (1903). A very brief summary of their several conclusions is given 
subsequently when dealing with the mutual relationship of the Pleistocene and 
Prehistoric Canide. 
Hy DISTRIBUMON IN BRUEAIN: 
Although this memoir is, strictly speaking, only concerned with the Pleistocene 
Canidz, when the range of a species extends into other strata, whether pre- or 
> 5 ? I 
post-Pleistocene, brief reference must be made to such remains as occur. 
THe Worr (Canis lupus*). 
The oldest British formation in which the remains of the wolf have been found 
is the Red Crag. Owen,* in 1856, first noted their occurrence in British Pliocene 
deposits, describing certain teeth from Woodbridge, which he attributed, with some 
hesitation, to this species. Newton* (1891) described two canine teeth from the 
Red Crag of Boyton, which he believed to be those of the wolf. Owen also identi- 
fied a humerus from the Forest Bed, but Newton remarks that it is very doubtful 
whether there is evidence of the wolf being represented at this horizon. The bone 
in question is now preserved in the Museum of the Geological Survey at Jermyn 
Street, London. These scanty records comprise the whole evidence for the 
occurrence of the wolf in Britain in pre-glacial times. 
During Pleistocene times, however, wolves abounded throughout England, their 
remains having been found in nearly every bone-cave of this period (see list, p. 10) 
and in many river deposits,’ ete. 
There have been comparatively few records of the wolf from Scotland, this 
probably bemg largely due to the lack of caves and deposits suitable for the 
preservation of the bones. This explanation will not, however, account for the 
scarcity and generally fragmentary condition of the wolf-bones found in Ireland. 
Fragmentary bones were recorded by Adams° from the Shandon Cave, where they 
were associated with the Mammoth and were clearly of Pleistocene age, and in 
1 «Vierteljahrschr. Ges. Ziirich,’ xlviii. 
2 It has been thought desirable, following Flower and Lydekker (‘ An Introduction to the Study 
of Mammals, Living and Extinct,’ p. 546), to include wolves, jackals, dogs, and foxes in the old com- 
prehensive genus Canis. 
3 ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ xii, 1856, p. 227. 
4 «Vertebrata of the Pliocene Deposits of Britain,’ p. 8. 
5 The lengthy account of the wolf in Harting’s ‘ Extinct British Animals’ is mainly concerned 
with its distribution in historic times. 
6 «Trans. Roy. Irish Acad.,’ xxvi (Sci.) (1879), p. 221. 
