CANIS. 13 
thought best when describing the teeth not to use terms involving assumptions of 
homology and requiring long explanatory prefixes. The terms “cusp” and 
“tubercle”’ are regarded as synonyms for small elevations of the surface of a tooth. 
The term “cone” is used as denoting a rather larger elevation, and the terms 
“talon” or “heel”’ for posteriorly-placed segments of a tooth. 
(2) Permanent Dentition of the Upper Jaw in Canis lupus (Pl. V).—In drawing 
up the following description, the skulls and teeth of a number of wolves, recent and 
fossil, now preserved in the British Museum have been examined, but the principal 
part of the description is based on a skull of a male wolf from Pekin, No. 90.7.8.2 
in the British Museum collection. 
I. 1 and 2 are very similar teeth, differing only in the slightly larger size of i. 2. 
The principal cone is somewhat recurved and there are small laterally-placed 
accessory cusps. The cmgulum is rather strongly marked. In some cases the 
lateral accessory cusps are scarcely noticeable, but the cingulum is raised into 
sheht cusps posteriorly. The root is about three times as long as the crown and 
is much laterally compressed. 
I. 3 is a rather larger and more canmiform tooth than i. 1 and 2 and shows 
some variability, the postero-internal face bemg sometimes marked by a cingulum, 
sometimes raised into a pair of laterally-placed cusps. The root is about twice 
as long as the crown and is triangular in cross-section, not laterally compressed as 
ini. 1 and 2. 
C. The canine has the form usual in the Carnivora. Its crown constitutes 
about two thirds of its length. 
Pm. 1 is a small, single-rooted tooth with a fairly well-marked cingulum 
surrounding the principal cone. Very slhght accessory cusps may be developed 
on the cingulum posteriorly and antero-internally. 
Pm. 2 is a larger and more elongated two-rooted tooth with a conical crown 
triangular in outline. A posteriorly-placed cusp may be present or absent. 
Pm. 3 closely resembles pm. 2, differimg only in its larger size and in the 
greater prominence of the posterior cusp, which may be double. 
Pm. 4, the upper carnassial, is a large three-rooted tooth with a powerful 
trenchant blade divided into an anterior more conical portion and a posterior 
portion with a chisel-like edge. Placed anteriorly is a low inner tubercle supported 
by a distinct root. 
M.1. This is a large tooth, somewhat wider than long. The outer portion of 
the crown is formed by two prominent cones of which the anterior is the larger ; 
the inner portion of the tooth is much depressed, but the inner edge is raised into 
a more or less prominent ridge and two low cusps he between this and the 
outer portion of the tooth. ‘Two roots support the outer portion, and a third and 
stouter root the imner portion. 
