122 The Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society 
The measurements given in the above table seem to show that the 
Kuruman skull is a genuine Bushman skull, although its height-index 
differs somewhat from the average ; but several of the skulls described 
by Professor Rolleston have even a larger height-index. Its general 
form agrees on the whole with the published figures and descriptions of 
Bushman skulls. There is nothing either in the breadth-index or 
height-index of the Zwartkops skull that would prevent us from con- 
sidering it also to be Bushman; but the gnathic index is very different 
from the average, although we must mention that the same has been 
found in a Bushman skull, described by Professor Rolleston. 
The most striking peculiarity of the Zwartkops skull is the promi- 
nent parietal eminences (which are 13°3 cm. apart); add to this a 
steep forehead and a flatish top, and we have that peculiar angular 
appearance of the skull which is so characteristic of Hottentot skulls. 
Fritsch (loc. cit., p. 294) says: 
‘By simply looking at the front and side views, one would scarcely 
be in a position to recognise the characteristic type of the Hottentot 
skull unless one also has recourse to the norma verticalis. This latter 
is the most peculiar feature, and distinguishes the Hottentot skull from 
all others I have ever set eyes upon. A glance at Plate XXXIII.’ (of 
Fritsch’s work) ‘ will explain the peculiar dolicho-cephalic character of 
the Hottentot skull, which reminds one of the pathological type of the 
Trigonocephalus. One may say that its form is elongated, its greatest 
breadth far back in the vicinity of the tubera parietalia; its sides are 
almost straight, and form with the flat forehead a perceptible angle. 
In this view one also recognises the pointed malar tuberosity, and the 
straight course of the zygomatic arches. Only the lower portion of the 
nasal region is seen, but more so the upper jaw, with the moderately 
oblique series of teeth. Behind the tubera parietalia the head is rounded 
off pretty regularly, its outline being in the form of a segment of a circle, 
the chord of which is not much smaller than the diameter of the 
circle. ‘The view from behind varies; but here also the angular struc- 
ture of the skull shows itself. The outline is always indistinctly 
pentagonal, different corners being more or less rounded off in different 
skulls.’ 
Looking at the Zwartkops skull in the light of these remarks by the 
greatest authority on the anatomy of South African aborigines, and 
taking into account some further remarks by the same author (Fritsch, 
loc. cit., p. 413), in which he contrasts the peculiarities of Bushman and 
Hottentot skulls, I should have no hesitation in pronouncing the 
. 4wartkops skull to be Hottentot ; but, as stated before, I hope that this 
valuable specimen will, with the other skulls of similar origin, form the 
subject of a more extended study by a competent authority. 
