22. Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society. 
hundred yards. It is most probable that these springs are all from 
the same source, but the peculiarity is that their temperatures vary 
considerably. Taken in order from east to west, the temperatures, 
all measured within an hour, were found to be 52°C., 78°C., 69°C., 
69°C., and 63°C. Assuming that they are from the same source, 
it is evident that the water has, in its passage upwards, been 
differently influenced as to temperature, at the different points, by 
the geological formation through which it has passed. This water 
was found to contain 63 grains of solid substances per gallon, 
mineral matter consisting of alkaline carbonates and sulphates, a 
trace of chlorides, and a little lime, probably in the form of sulphate. 
Being hot springs, and sulphate of lime being less soluble in hot 
than in cold water, the water was not so hard as would have been 
the case had it issued from the limestone in the cold state. Below 
the springs there is a deposit of crystalline sulphate of lime on the 
surface of the soil, which must be taken to have been deposited 
from solution. The water of these springs is used for domestic 
supply, and, when cold, for irrigating the few gardens. Cold springs 
also exist in the limestone which crops out in the valley below the 
hot springs. 
Beyond the range of hills north of Windhoek, and within half an 
hour’s walk, lies a small pastoral settlement in a valley considerably 
larger than the one in which Windhoek is situated. This settle- 
ment is known as Klein Windhoek. The vegetables and fruit grown 
here, as also the milk, butter, and eggs produced, find a ready sale 
in Windhoek. At Klein Windhoek there are several springs, mostly 
cold, but some of them tepid. The deep alluvial soil of the valley 
is well suited for gardening purposes, but the supply of water 
available does not allow of very extensive cultivation. The 
streams which drain the valleys of Windhoek and Klein 
Windhoek carry an immense amount of water during the rainy 
season ; these two streams unite at a distance of about two miles 
west of Windhoek, and it has been estimated that during an average 
rainy season about 494,000,000 cubic feet of water are carried down 
into the Tsoachaub River by them. We had an opportunity of 
observing the rainfall at Windhoek during the month of January, 
and found it to be 4 inches. The total rainfall for the summer 
months of January, February, March, and April, 1897, amounted to 
15:5 inches. Considering that Windhoek is not a specially favoured 
portion of Damaraland as regards rainfall, and allowing for the rain 
falling during the months of November and December, it will be 
seen that Damaraland is not badly off. The rainfall of the period in 
question was not considered to be unusually high. The greatest 
