xxx Proceedings of the South African Philosophical Soctety. 
the edges turned up and having the appearance of having been eaten 
by caterpillars.”’ 
In the other Orders of insects I know of no case in which protective 
resemblance may be of use for predacious purposes, except in the 
genus Graphipterus of the Order CoLEopTEeRA. The upper side is 
clothed with short hairs, varying in colour from pale grey to buff, 
and relieved by black patches or stripes. These insects harmonise 
singularly well with the different tints of the soil of the plains on 
which they live, and move with great rapidity. Still, I believe that 
in this instance the colouration is more for protection than for 
ageression. 
(b) Protective resemblance pure and simple. 
Protective colouration pure and simple is met with among non- 
carnivorous species in all the Orders. These non-carnivorous species, 
as has been stated, form the great majority of the class. To give in 
detail all the instances found in South Africa would be impossible 
within the limits of this address, and I shall therefore restrict myself 
to a few. : 
As in various instances of aggressive resemblance, this type of 
protective colouration is very frequently associated with a modifica- 
tion of the shape, or form, and I do not see that the two can well be 
separated, because colouration alone would, in many cases, be in- 
sufficient for concealment. 
Let us take the Orders seriatim. 
OrtHoPTERA.—The Gryllid@ are mainly nocturnal, or burrow- 
dwellers, and are mostly dun-coloured or black; some, however, are 
green, but these are only met with on green twigs or on blades of 
grass. 
In the Phaneropteride, or Leaf-like Locusts, the colouration is of 
two sorts, brown and green, the latter being predominant. Horas- 
tophaga, Tylopsis, Plangia, Pseudophylus, Arantia are as a rule 
green, but a few are fulvous or brown. In these genera not only 
is the colour absolutely similar to that of the insect’s surroundings, 
but the shape, mode of carriage, and even the neuration of the upper 
wings have been modified. For example, in Arantia spinulosa the 
dividing vein of the upper wing appears as a highly developed 
mid-rib, the mediastine veins are obsolete, those in the discoidal 
parts are no longer longitudinal, and the fuscate ones are broadly 
reticulate, thus producing a close imitation of the venation of a leaf. 
In South Africa the Phasmide, or Stick-Insects, seem to be 
numerous neither in species nor in individuals, in spite of their 
