High-level Gravels of the Cajoe. 51 



level gravels. The latter consist of the very same pebbles that have 

 been washed out of the Enon Conglomerate, some perhaps from the 

 self-same beds in the upturned edges of which this re-made gravel 

 rests (Plate X., fig. 3). This is an interesting point, as the high-level 

 gravels so resemble in places the conglomerate of the Jurassic or 

 Lower Cretaceous Beds that they can often be confounded, but here 

 we have the most satisfactory demonstration that the high-level 

 gravels are very long subsequent to the Enon Conglomerate. 



Nearer the head of the river along the southern flanks of the 

 Anthonie's Berg, the gravel becomes very thick ; at the bottom 

 is the normal gravel-capping cemented with iron, then comes a very 

 thick deposit of coarse rubble, 80 to 100 feet thick, and on top of 

 this again white, silica-cemented sand. The actual head of the 

 river lies on the high plateau, and there is a wide area of rolling 

 plains intensely cold in winter, at an elevation of 3,200 to 3,500 feet; 

 it extends towards Willowmore, and forms a connecting bridge of 

 high country between the Anthonie's Berg and the Baviaan's Kloof 

 Mountains. From the head of the Oliphant's Eiver one can look 

 over Nieuwe Kloof and the extraordinary part of the country known 

 as Baviaan's Kloof — both a kloof and a home of baboons par excel- 

 lence. 



The geology of Baviaan's Kloof needs a special paper. It is suffi- 

 cient here to say that there are two great mountain ranges, the 

 Kouga on the north and the Baviaan's Kloof Mountains on the 

 south, rising to 5,000 and 6,000 feet ; between them is a wide open 

 plain at the normal elevation of the high plateaus, from 3,000 to 

 3,500 feet ; the distance between the two crests is from nine to 

 twelve miles, and the bevels go very high up the mountain sides, so 

 that practically the whole of the intervening space is the double 

 bevel itself (Eig. 4). In the centre are a number of narrow basins 

 due to the letting down by folding of the Bokkeveld and Table 

 Mountain Beds, and the Enon Conglomerate as well, that at one 

 time lay upon these. To what depth the fold carried the last- 

 mentioned beds we cannot judge, as the bottom of the present valley 

 bottoms are choked with debris, and no borehole or well has been 

 let down far enough to strike rock ; the surface of the valleys is from 

 1,000 to 1,200 feet below the plateau. These little fold- or fault- 

 basins — for the fold is so abrupt that it often passes into a fault — are 

 strung on the Baviaan's Kloof Eiver, like beads on a thread, the 

 river between each basin running through tremendous winding 

 gorges. All over the level country the gravels are strongly de- 

 veloped, and exhibit on the edges of the basins banks of gravel and 

 hardened sand, some 40 to 60 feet thick. The edges are abrupt as 



