268 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society. 



tubercle has almost disappeared and no trace of it can be seen in 

 the fourth. As the articular surface disappears from the front 

 of the side of the body, an articulation begins to appear on the 

 posterior part of the side. The third dorsal has as large an articula- 

 tion on the posterior part of the side of the body as on the anterior. 

 Each of the first three dorsals has well- developed transverse pro- 

 cesses. In the third they are shorter than in the other two, and 

 in the more posterior vertebrae they become much shorter. The 

 ribs have large articulations with the undersides of the transverse 

 processes, and it is probable that this articulation is continuous 

 with the articular surface of the body and that the ribs are single- 

 headed. The zygapophyses are situated above the level of the 

 transverse processes and are fairly closely together. The spines of 

 the anterior dorsals are short. 



The posterior dorsal vertebrae differ from the anterior in having 

 the bodies narrower, deeper, and longer. The width across the 

 transverse processes in the case of the ninth vertebra is less than 

 twice the width of the body. There is little doubt that all the ribs 

 of the posterior dorsal vertebrae are single-headed. The zygapophyses 

 are even closer together than in the anterior dorsals. On passing 

 backwards the ribs articulate less and less with the bodies, and in the 

 posterior dorsal region the articulations seem to be almost entirely 

 with the transverse processes. 



The sacrum is well preserved and fairly well displayed. It appears 

 to have consisted of only four vertebrae, and if a fifth was united to 

 the fourth it is unlikely that it gave any support to the ilium. In 

 general appearance the sacrum is not unlike that of the -human 

 subject. The body of the first vertebra is broader than deep, and is 

 somewhat excavated at the sides. The sacral rib is of large size. 

 It articulates with the upper part of the body and with a large part 

 of the side of the arch. On passing outwards it expands backwards, 

 forwards, and upwards, and supports the anterior part of the ilium. 

 Each rib is about as wide as the body of the vertebra. The second 

 sacral vertebra has the body considerably longer than the first. 

 Like the first it has the two sides slightly excavated. The rib is 

 shorter than that of the first, but it expands to a much greater 

 extent upwards, so that the height of the outer expanded portion is 

 almost as great as that of the whole vertebra. It extends from the 

 lower border of the ilium to within a short distance of its upper 

 border. The third and fourth sacral vertebrae are very similar to 

 the second, only somewhat smaller, but the ribs, though they extend 

 about as far upwards, do not expand so far downwards as in the 

 second vertebra. Almost the whole of the expanded upper part of 



