INTRODUCTION. 



Elland Flagrock — Flags 

 Shale 

 Flag . . 



Shale 



Eighty yards Band Coal (or Upper Band 

 Coal) 



Eighty yards Band Rock 



Black Shales .... 



Hard Bed Band Coal (Forty-eight yards 

 Coal) 



Shales with Ironstone ... 



Thirty-six yards Band Coal . 



Fire-clay or Galliard . 



Shale with thin Sandstones . 



Shale containing concretions of Carb 

 of Lime with covering of Iron-pyrites 

 Full of Goniatites, Nautilus, Ortho 

 ceras, Nucula, Aviculopecten, &c. 



Ft. 



In. 



45 







35 







120 







80 











6 



15 







80 







1 



2 



35 







1 







1 



6 



95 







5 







Ft. In. 



Laminated Shale with Aviculopecten 







4 



Hard Bed or Canister Coal, containing 





concretions of Carb. of Lime, anc 



I 





of Iron-pyrites, both with vegetable 







remains in fine preservation 



2 



2 



Ganister Rock 





1 







Seat-earth .... 





5 







Shale 





25 







Middle Band Coal or Clay Coal 









6 



Middle Band Rock 





12 







Shales 





50 







Soft Bed Coal . 





1 



6 



Seat-earth .... 





2 







Sandstone . 





20 







Shale 





80 







Thin Coal .... 









6 



Seat-earth .... 





5 







Rough Rock 









It now only remains to record my acknowledgments of the assistance I have 

 received from many friends in accumulating the materials from which this mono- 

 graph has been drawn. All such names as Mr. G. Wild, of the Bardsley Colliery at 

 Ashton-under-Lyne, Mr. J. Spencer, and Mr. Binns, of Halifax, Mr. Isaac Earnshaw 

 and Mr. Neild, of Oldham, Mr. J. Butterworth, of Shaw, and Mr. Ward, F.G.S., 

 of Langton, in Staffordshire, are already well known to those who are familiar 

 with my memoirs contained in the 'Philosophical Transactions.' The cabinet of my 

 late friend, Mr. John Aitken, now in my possession, has furnished me with some 

 interesting facts. All the persevering collectors thus catalogued have poured their 

 treasures into my lap with a generosity that is alike significant of their desire to 

 facilitate my researches and to aid in the advancement of science. I am also 

 indebted to Professor Miall and Professor Green, of Leeds, to Professor Lebour, of 

 Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and to Mr. Geddes, of Blackburn, for similar assistance. 

 The Natural History Society of Newcastle-upon-Tyne also has kindly granted me 

 the loan of several interesting specimens from the Hutton Collection, now in its 

 possession. But I must especially mention Mr. W. Cash, P.G.S., of Halifax, whose 

 unwearied diligence in accumulating new material for investigation has rendered me 

 the greatest service. If I have been in any degree successful in removing some 

 of the clouds which have hitherto obscured the history of Stigmaria ficoides, no 

 small measure of that success is due to the friends who have generously assisted 

 me to accumulate the rich store of materials to which my attention has so long 

 been given. 



The Owens College, Manchester, 

 October 2nd, 1886. 



