BIBLIOGRAPHY. 7 



are supposed to have been soft and gelatinous in the living condition. Most 

 of the Sponges are from the Jurassic and Cretaceous strata. The figures are 

 very faithful ; in some instances the spicular structure has been represented, 

 as well as the Sponge itself. 



25. 1333 Woodward, S. An Outline of the Geology of Norfolk. 



Under the heading of Polypi a list of seven species of Sponges is given, in 

 which Coeloptychium agaricoides, Goldf., and Ventriculites infundibuliformis, 

 n. sp., are included. These are figured but not described. 



26. 1834 Blainville, H. M. de. Manuel d'Actinologie. 



Sponges are placed in the group Amorphozoaires ; fossil Sponges are 

 regarded as of the same nature as living ones, and, in some cases, both fossil 

 and existing species are placed (though incorrectly) in the same genus. The 

 author accepts Goldfuss's theory respecting the character of their fibres. For 

 Sponges with skeletal spicules of carbonate of lime, the term Calcispongia is 

 proposed. The figures given are mostly reproductions from the works 

 of Lamouroux and Goldfuss. 



27. 1835 Phillips, John. The Geology of Yorkshire, vol. i. 



Names are given to fifteen of the commoner species of Sponges from the 

 Upper Chalk of Flamborough, Yorkshire. They are included under the generic 

 term Spongia ; there are no descriptions, and the figures are of so rude a 

 character that there is great difficulty in recognising the forms supposed to 

 be represented. 



28. 1836 SowEKisy, J. de C. Descriptive Notes, &c. (Trans. Geol. Soc, 



ser. 2, vol. iv). 

 A description is given of Siphonia pyriformis (now 8. tulipa, Zitt.) from 

 the Upper Greensand, Blackdown, and on PI. XV a, excellent illustrations 

 are furnished of various examples showing the canal-structures. 



29. 1837 Hislngeu, W. Letkeea suecica. 



Two species of Siphonia (now Astylospongia) are mentioned, S. prcemorsa 

 and S. stipitaia. 



30. 1839 Eoemer, F. A. Die Versteinerungen des norddeutschen Oolithen-Gebirges. 



Nachtrag. 

 The fossil Sponges are mostly calcisponges ; they are placed under Tragus 

 and Scyphia. 



31. 1839 Lee, J. E. Undescribed Zoophytes from the Yorkshire Chalk (Mag. 



Nat. Hist., vol. hi, pp. 10—17, figs. 1—15). 

 The forms are lithistid Sponges, which are placed in the genera Siphonia 

 and Spongia ; only their superficial characters are referred to. 



