BIBLIOGRAPHY. 13 



62. 1854 Ehrenbero, C. G. Mikrogeologie. 



Numerous detached Sponge spicules from fossil and sub-fossil deposits are 

 figured, but no reference to their characters is given ; the general term 

 Spongolithls is applied to them all, and a distinctive name is given to every 

 variety of form, though evidently many of these belong to the same species. 



63. 1854 Sharpe, D. On the Age of the Fossiliferous Sands and Gravels of 



Faringdon {Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. x, p. 176, PL V). 

 Sixteen species of fossil Sponges are enumerated ; some new forms 

 are placed in the genus Manon, and others are erroneously referred 

 to species described by Lamouroux and Goldfuss from the Upper Greensand. 

 No reference is made to the fact that the Faringdon examples are exclusively 

 calcisponges. 



64. 1854 Mantell, G. A. Medals of Creation, 2nd edition. 



It is stated, in opposition to D'Orbigny, that keratose Sponges are abun- 

 dant as fossils. Most of the Sponges from the Chalk and Greensand are 

 apparently referred to this group, and included under Sjpongites. Siphonia 

 and Choanites are regarded as distinct genera ; the latter is supposed to have 

 been originally of a soft gelatinous substance strengthened by spicula, but the 

 spicula figured do not belong to this genus. 



65. 1854 Morris, J. A Catalogue of British Fossils, 2nd edition. 



Under the heading Amorphozoa, 148 species of Sponges are enumerated, 

 which are placed in thirty-one genera. About nineteen of these genera are 

 now regarded as obsolete. 



66. 1855 M'Coy, F. Systematic Description of the British Paleozoic Fossils in 



the Geological Museum of the University of Cambridge. 

 In a footnote it is stated that no Amorphozoa are described in the work, 

 but two species of Steganodictyum (now known to be the shields of fishes) are 

 figured as Sponges. Pyritonema fasciculus, the root-appendage of a hexacti- 

 nellid Sponge, is compared with Eyalonema, then regarded as a Zoophyte ; and 

 Tetragonis Banbyi (now Dictyophyton) is placed in the order Cystidea. 



67. 1858 Eley, H. Geology in the Garden, or the Fossils in the Flint Pebbles. 



Describes and figures various forms of detached monactinellid, tetracti- 

 nellid and hexactinellid spicules from the interior of flints, and concludes that 

 Sponges were most prevalent in the Chalk Seas (pp. 177 — 184, PL I). 



68. 1858 Quenstedt, F. A. Der Jura. 



Specific descriptions, limited, however, to superficial characters, are given 

 of most of the Jurassic Sponges, and the previous classification of the author 

 is followed. 



