BIBLIOGRAPHY. 17 



like tissue, and it is likewise composed of spicules. Thus, whilst hexactinellid 

 Sponges are, for the most part, by themselves, lithistid and calcisponges 

 are united into one group. Numerous species are described and figured, but 

 the characters given are very brief and inadequate for satisfactory recognition. 



86. 1864 Salter, J. W. On some new Fossils from the Lingula Flags of Wales 



(Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, vol. xx, p. 238, PL XIII). 

 Describes, as a new genus and species, Protospongiafenestrata, irom.'MeTie- 

 vian strata. It is stated to possess a reticulate skeleton of large cruciform 

 spicula. 



87. 1864 Fromentel, E. de. Polypiers Coralliens des Environs de Gray (Mem. 



de la Soc. Linn, de Norm., vol. xiii). 

 Various species of calcisponges are figured on PL xv. 



88. 1865 Billings, E. Palaeozoic Fossils, vol. i (Geological Survey of Canada). 



An elaborate description is given of the characters of the genus Becepta- 

 culites, which is regarded as probably a Sponge. The spicules are compared 

 with the birotulate forms in the gemmules of the freshwater Spongilla. 

 Archaocyathus, Calathium, and Eospongia are also described provisionally as 

 Sponges. 



89. 1865 De Ferry. Note sur les Crustaces et les Spongitaires de la base de 



l'etage Bathonien des environs de Macon (Bull, de la Soc. Linn, 

 de Normandie (Caen), vol. ix, pp. 365 — 375). 

 Silicified bodies of irregular form are referred to the genera Siphonocailia 

 and Discailia. Their affinities appear to be very doubtful. 



90. 1865 Laube, G. C. Die Fauna der Schichten von St. Cassian (Denlcschrift 



d. k. Ahad. d. Wiss. Wien, Bd. 24. 

 Numerous species of calcisponges are described, but no information is 

 given respecting their skeletal structures. 



91. 1865 Tate, R. On the Correlation of the Cretaceous Formations of the 



North-East of Ireland (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxi, p. 43, 

 PL V). 

 Two new genera of hexactinellid Sponges are proposed, Ether idgia and 

 Cceloscyphia ; and two species of Coeloptychium are regarded as new forms. 



92. 1866 Mackie, S. J. An Illustrated Catalogue of British Fossil Sponges, Part 



II, pp. 1—32, Pis. I— IV. 

 Only the second part of this extraordinary work appeared. It consists of 

 numerous extracts from the writings of Mantell, Toulmin Smith, and other 

 authors on fossil Sponges, mingled with desultory remarks of the author him- 

 self. None of the figures on the four plates appears to be original. 



