30 BRITISH FOSSIL SPONGES. 



162. 1878 Zittel, K. A. Zur Stammes-Geschichte der Spongien (Festschrift zum 



Jubildum des Prof, von Siebold, pp. 1 — 20). 

 Refers to the recent investigations into the embryology of living Sponges 

 as proving their Metazoal character. Sponges generally are ranked under 

 seven orders, Myxospongim, Ceraospongice, Monactinellidce, Tetractinellidce, 

 Lithistidce, Hexactinellidce, and Calcispongice. The geological history of Sponges 

 is given, and it is shown that even in the Palasozoic period six of the main orders 

 were present, and even then distinctly marked off from each other, so that 

 there is no palseontological evidence to show the original stock from which 

 they have descended. 



163. 1878 Zittel, K. A. Ueber Jura-Spongien (Neues Jahrbuch, pp, 58 — 62). 



Reference is made to the descriptions and figures of Jurassic hexactinellid 

 Sponges in Heft 2 of vol. v of Quenstedt's Petrefaktenkunde, and they are 

 compared with those described by Zittel in the " Studien," pt. 1. 



164. 1878 Zittel, K. A. Studien iiber fossile Spongien, 2te Abtheilung, 



LithistidaB {Abh. der h. buyer. AJcad. der Wiss., II CI., xiii Bd., pp. 67 — 



154, Pis. I-X). 

 Shows that a large group of fossil Sponges possessed the same spicular 

 structures as the recent Lithistids of Oscar Schmidt. Their spicular characters 

 are described in detail, and the order is divided according to the character of 

 their elementary spicules into the following four families, Rhizomorina, Mega- 

 morina, Anomocladina, and Tetracladina. In each of these families new genera 

 are proposed, based mainly on the character of the caual-system, and modifi- 

 cations of their dermal surfaces. The structural characters are fully illus- 

 trated. 



165. 1878 Zittel, K. A. Beitrage zur Systematik der fossilen Spongien. 2te. Th. 



Lithistiden (Neues Jahrbuch, pp. 561 — 618, Pis. VII — X). 

 A reprint from the " Studien " in ' Abh. d. k. bayer. Akad. d. Wiss.,' II 

 CL, xiii Bd. 



166. 1878 Zittel, K. A. Studies on Fossil Sponges, II, Lithistidse {Ann. and Mag. 



Nat. Hist., S. 5, vol. ii, pp. 113—135, 235—248, 324-341, 385—394, 

 467—482, PL YIII). 

 Translated by W. S. Dallas from the " Studien " in ' Abh. d. k. bayer. 

 Akad. der Wiss.,' II CL, Bd. xiii, Abth i, pp. 67—154. 



167. 1878 Zittel, K. A. Studien iiber fossile Spongien, 3tte Abtheilung, 



Monactinellidas, Tetractinellidce, und Calcispongiae (Abh. der. h. bayer. 



Akad. der Wiss, II CL, xiii Bd., II Ab., pp. 93—138, Pis. XI— XII). 



Fossil Monactinellid Sponges are shown to be a small and unimportant 



