32 BRITISH FOSSIL SPONGES. 



Sponges. Beceptaculites, Ischadites, and Tetragonis are regarded as aberrant 

 types of Foraminifera. 



173. 1879 Sinzow, J. On Calcareous Sponges from the Government of Saratow 



(Russian) {Trans. {Zapiski) New Russian Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. vi, 

 pp. 1—40). 



174. 1879 Caeter, H. J. On Holasterella, a Fossil Sponge of the Carboniferous 



Era, <&c. {Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., S. 5, vol. hi, pp. 141—150, PL 



XXI). 

 Describes a club-shaped Sponge, which is stated to be built up of stellate 

 spicules, with normally twelve rays or arms. The genus is placed in the 

 Suberitida, under Holorhaphidota. 



175. 1879 Mazzetti e Manzoni. Le Spugne fossile di Montese (Atti. de la Soc. 



Toscani del sci. nat., vol. iv, p. 57, 2 pis.). 

 The existence is shown of hexactinellid and lithistid Sponges in the 

 Montese marls, which are of Miocene age. Their skeletal structures have 

 been replaced by calcite. The species are not determined. 



176. 1879 Hannay, J. B. On Siliceous Fossilisation (Mem. of the Lit. and Phil. Soc. 



of Manchester, S. 3, vol. vi, p. 234). 

 Describes the present state of preservation of the spicules of Hyalonema 

 Smithii and traces the various changes in the silica arising from fossilisation. 



177. 1879 Woeckenee, H. Ueber das Vorkommen von Spongien im Hilssandstein. 



Zusatz zu vorstehendem Aufsatz, von Herrn Zittel (Zeitsch d. deutsch. 



geol. Gesell, Bd. 31, pp. 663—667). 

 Large, irregular, siliceous masses, numerous in the Sandstone, are regarded 

 as siliceous Sponges, but Zittel points out that these are not Sponges, though 

 they result from the solution of the detached spicules of Sponges, of which 

 negative casts remain. The rock is therefore a Sponge deposit mostly of 

 monactinellid spicules. Zittel records similar deposits in the Upper Lias of 

 the Tyrol, and in the Rhastic of Upper Bavaria, as well as in the Cretaceous 

 strata of Westphalia. 



178. 1879 Duncan, P. M. On some Spheroidal Lithistid Spongida from the Upper 



Silurian Formation of New Brunswick (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 

 S. 3, vol. iv., pp. 84—91, PL IX). 

 The structure of a new genus, Hindia, is described and figured. It is stated 

 to be built up of tripod-shaped spicules, but the sponge is regarded as having 

 originally been composed of carbonate of lime. 



