BIBLIOGRAPHY. 33 



179. 1880 Sollas, W. J. On the Structure and Affinities of the genus Protospongia 



(Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxvi, pp. 362 — 367, figs. 1, 2). 

 Describes the form and arrangement of the spicules ; they are regarded as 

 separate, and not united either by envelopment in a common coating or by 

 ankylosis ; the Sponge is consequently placed in the Lyssakina division of 

 Zittel. 



180. 1880 Sollas, W. J. On the Flint Nodules of the Trimingham Chalk (Annals 



and Mag. Nat. Hist, vol. vi, pp. 384—395,437—461, Pis. XIX, XX). 

 Describes various forms of detached spicules of Tetractinellid and Lithistid 

 Sponges obtained from the soft chalk surrounding the flints. The spicules 

 are for the most part placed in new genera and species. 



181. 1880 Gumbel, C. W. Spongien-Nadeln im Flysch. (Verh. d. h h. geol. 



Beichsan. Wien, pp. 213 — 215). 

 States that in many localities the " Flysch " of the North-eastern Swiss 

 and Bavarian Alps is largely composed of detached Sponge-spicules ; they 

 are invariably present in a peculiar, fine-grained, siliceous limestone. Notices 

 also, that rocks of Neocomian age from Rossfeld, and certain strata of Lias 

 age from Algau and elsewhere are similarly composed of an aggregate of 

 Sponge-spicules. 



182. 1880 Carter, H. J. On Fossil Sponge- Spicules from the Carboniferous 



strata of Ben Bulben near Sligo (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. vi, 

 pp. 209—214, PI. XIV, B). 

 Describes detached spicules of Beniera and of a lithistid Sponge, and also 

 hexactinellid spicules with bifurcate and spiral rays, which are referred to 

 Holasterella. 



183. 1880 Steinmannt, G. Mikroskopischen Thierreste aus dem deutschen Kohlen- 



kalk (Zeitsch. d. deutschen geol. Gesell., Bd. 32, p. 395, PL XIX). 

 Describes and figures an umbrella-shaped spicule from the Carboniferous 

 Limestone of Batingen near Dusseldorf , under Hyalostelia Smithii. 



184. 1880 Hinde, G. J. Fossil Sponge-Spicules from the Upper Chalk, pp. 1—83, 



Pis. I— V. 

 Describes and figures a great variety of detached spicules, obtained from 

 the interior of a flint nodule. These are referred to different genera of 

 monactinellid, tetractinellid, lithistid, and hexactinellid Sponges. 



185. 1880 Koemer, Ferd. Lethasa geognostica (1 Th., Lethaa palaozoica). 



The family Beceptaculitida is placed provisionally with Foraminifera, and 

 Dictijojjhyton is regarded as similar to Tetragonis. The following genera 

 are described as true pakeozoic Sponges, Astylospongia, Palmomanon, Prota- 



