OF THE CULM OF DEVON. 61 



at Ugbrook Park, near Chudleigh, and other adjacent places, and states that Prof. 

 Sedgwick considered them as a portion of the culmiferous beds of the centre of 

 the county (p. 457). 



Mr. Austen quotes a list of the plants, and adds (pp. 461-2), " This Flora, so 

 far as it goes, is that of the Carboniferous period. In the black limestones occur 

 Qoniatites mixolobus, Phil., and Goniatites crenistria, Phil., Mountain Limestone 

 species." 



1867.— Sir Roderick I. Murchison,in the 1867 edition of ' Siluria' (p. 273), writes : 



" Now, although this over-lying series is in mineral aspect as much unlike the 

 Carboniferous strata of most other parts of Britain as the rocks of N. Devon are 

 unlike the ordinary Old Red Sandstone of England and Scotland, we have proofs 

 of fossils, besides the analogy with Pembrokeshire before spoken of, that the 

 black limestones of Swimbridge and Venn, &c, with Posidonomyce, do represent, 

 on a miniature scale, a part of the Mountain or Carboniferous Limestone, that the 

 next series of white grit and sandstone of Coddon Hill, &c, stands in the place of 

 the Millstone-Grit, and that the overlying courses of Culm, with many remains of 

 Plants, are consequently the equivalents of some of the lower coal-bearing strata 

 of other tracts. In short, no one denies that in the Culm series of Devonshire we 

 have the representatives of the Lower Carboniferous Strata." 



1868. — Dr. Harvey B. Holl, in his paper " On the Older Rocks of South Devon 

 and East Cornwall," 1 describes the Carbonaceous Rocks or Culm-Measures very 

 fully. He mentions the hard slates at Waddon-Barton over-lying the limestone, 

 full of Goniatites and Posidonomyce, above which are the typical Carbonaceous 

 Sandstones quarried at Ugbrook Park. In conclusion, he refers to the memoir by 

 Sedgwick and Murchison, and adds, " It is to these authors that we are indebted 

 for having first pointed out the true position of these (Culm) rocks in the 

 geological scale, when, by means of the included plant and other fossil remains, 

 they identified them with the Coal-Measures of South Wales." 



1875. — Mr. Townshend M. Hall, 2 in his 'Notes on the Anthracite Beds 

 of North Devon,' writes, " In the North-Devon district the anthracite (Culm) is 

 found in the Millstone-Grit, a series of beds belonging to the Carboniferous 

 formation, but of an age immediately antecedent to that of the true Coal-Measures." 

 The list of Culm-plants given by Mr. Townshend Hall, however, needs revision. 



1876. — Mr. Horace B. Woodward, in his ' Geology of England and Wales,' 

 pp. 106 — 111, gives a concise account of the literature of the Devonshire Culm- 

 Measures. " Looked at in a large way, they consist of a series of shales, grits, 

 chert-beds, with beds of limestone here and there." " Some authorities have 

 placed them, generally, on the horizon of the Millstone-Grit, but there seems 



1 ' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond.,' 1868, vol. xxiv, p. 401. 



2 ' Trans. Devonshire Association,' 1875. 



