318 GENERAL SUMMARY TO 



Soft Parts of the Adult Animal. 



The progress effected in our knowledge of the soft parts of the animal of the Brachiopod 

 has been very great since the commencement of the present century, and especially since 

 the period when I commenced my labours in connection with the class ; and these very im- 

 portant and valuable results have been attained through the patient and persevering labours 

 of but a small number of British and foreign experienced anatomists and zoologists. 



In 1766 Pallas gave some account of the animal/ and in 1773 Pennant briefly 

 noticed some of the soft parts of Terebratulina caput-serpentis, especially those relating 

 to the brachial or labial appendages. 2 In 1774 Griindler published a good description 

 or rather figure of the same appendages. 3 Again, in 1788, Miiller, 4 and subsequently 

 Poli, 5 described some parts of the animal of Crania, with enlarged illustrations in which the 

 labial appendages are represented. In 1797 Cuvier published a short note on the 

 animal of Lingulaf with figures ; and in the same year Lamanon described some of the soft 

 parts of the animal of Tercbratella. 1 



This is about all that had been done with respect to the animal of the Brachiopod 

 previous to 1800. It amounts to little, as regular dissections had not been made. 



Since 1800 this important subject of investigation has been taken up in a serious 

 manner, and the animal of the following recent species has been more or less thoroughly 

 examined anatomically and illustrated : — Terebratulina caput-serpentis and T. septentrio- 

 nalis ; Terebratula vitrea ; Waldheimiaflavescens, W. cranium, W. septic/era ; Terebratella 

 dorsata; Argiope (Cistella) neapolitana; Thecidium mediterraneum ; Rhynchonella psit- 

 tacea, Lingula anatina, L. affinis, L. (Glottidia) pyramidata ; Discina lamellosa ; Crania 

 anomala. 6 Some parts of the animal have also been examined of Terebratulina cancellata ; 

 Terebratula Moseleyi ; Waldheimia Kerguelenensis ; Megerlea truncata ; Platidia 

 anomioides, Argiope decollate. There are, however, some points or details in connection 

 with the anatomy of the animal of the Brachiopoda that have still to be determined, and the 

 work is continually progressing through the efforts of several of our ablest investigators. 



1 ' Miscellania Zoologica," 1766. Prof. Owen in 1833 says that Pallas noticed the limited situation 

 of the viscera in Terebratula. He described the arms with his usual minuteness and accuracy, considered 

 them as branchiae, and compared them to those of a fish ; he enumerated three pairs of muscles, and noticed 

 the situation of the mouth and stomach, but not that of the anus. 



2 " iKomm," 'Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Upsaliensis,' vol. i, p. 38, de 1773. 



3 "On the Animal of Ter. caput-serpenHs," ' Die Naturforscher,' vol. i, 1774. 



4 " Zoologica Danica," ' Seu Animalium Daniae et Norvegiae &c," vol. i, 1778. 



5 " Testacea utriusque Siciliae," 1795. 



f; " Me'moire sur l'Animal des Lingules," ' Bull, de la Soc. philomatique de Paris,' vol. i, p. 3, pi. vii, 1 797. 



7 " Sur les Terebratules ou Poulettes," 'Voyage de la Perouse autour du monde,' 1797. Notwith- 

 standing every research I have made in Paris and elsewhere it has been impossible to find the specimen 

 described by Lamanon by the name of " Petite poulette " figured in that work. 



8 George Sowerby in his paper on " Orbicula and Crania " (' Transactions of the Linnean Society of 

 London,' vol. xiii, pi. xxvi, 1818) gives figures of some of the soft parts of the animal of Crania anomala. 



