320 GENERAL SUMMARY TO 



Duthiers, 1 Morse, 2 King, 3 Kovvalevvsky, 4 Herouard, 5 W. K. Brooks, 6 Van Bera- 

 melen. 7 



Mantle, Vessels, Ovaries, 8fc. — Both valves are, in all Brachiopoda, lined by a delicate 

 bilobed membrane, termed the " pallium " or mantle; it secretes the shell, and is generally, 

 although not always, fringed with horny bristles or seta?. These seta? are quite straight 

 and brittle, often thickly and deeply implanted between the lamina? of the mantle ; they 

 serve to guard the opening of the valves. In some species they are short ; but they vary 

 much in length, and are sometimes barbed throughout with delicate hook-like spines (as 

 in Discina Icevis or lamellosa). In some cases they bifurcate near their extremities, but 

 lie close together at their origin. In Discina atlantica, dredged by the "Challenger" 

 expedition, and of which I have some admirable preparations, the seta? are as long as, 

 and even longer than the diameter of the shell. 8 



The mantle is composed of an outer and an inner layer, between which are situated 

 the blood-channels or lacunes. The mantle has been ably described by Hancock, E. 

 Deslongchamps, and others. Deslongchamps observes " that all the internal parts of the 



l'Etranger ; ' Recherches sur l'organisation du Manteau chez les Brachiopodes articules et principalement 

 sur les spicules calcaires contenus dans son interieur,' 4to., Caen, 1864. 



1 " Histoire Naturelle des Brachiopodes vivants de la Mediterranee," ' Ann. des Sciences Nat.' 4th Ser. 

 Zool., vol. xv, p. 259, 1861. 



2 "The Haemal and Neural Regions of Brachiopoda," 'Proceedings of Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist.,' 

 vol. ix, 1862. 



" A Classification of Mollusca based on the Principle of Cephalization," ' Proc. of Essex Institute, 

 Salem,' vol. vi, 1865. 



"On the Early Stages of Brachiopoda," 'American Nat., Salem,' vol. iii, 1869. 



" Position of the Brachiopoda in the Animal Kingdom," 'American Nat.,' vol. iii, 1870. 



"The Brachiopoda, a Division of Annelida," ' Am. Journ. of Science and Arts,' vol. 1, 1870. 



"A Reply to Mr. Dall's Criticism on the Brachiopoda, a Division of Annelida," 'Am. Journ. of 

 Science and Arts,' vol. 1, 1870. 



" On the Early Stages of Terebratulina," 'Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,' 18/1. 



"On the Oviducts and Embryology of Terebratulina," * Amer. Journ. Science and Arts,' vol. iv, 1872. 



"On the Systematic Position of Brachiopoda," 'Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,' vol. xv, 1873. 



" Embryology of Terebratulina," ' Memoirs Boston Soc. of Nat. History,' vol. ii, 1874. 



"Notes on Japanese Lingula," 'Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts,' series iii, vol. xv, p. 156. 



"Notes on Rhynchonella," 'Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts,' series iii, vol. xvii, p. 257. 



3 " On some Characters of Lingula anatina" ' Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 4th ser., vol. xii, 1873. 

 i "Observations on the Development of the Brachiopoda," Moscow, 1873, also summary by 



Oehlert and Deniker, 'Arch, de Zool. Exp. et Gen.,' 2nd ser., vol. i, 1883. 



5 " Sur les courants de Nutrition des Brachiopodes," 'Journal Conchyliologique,' 1877. 



6 'The Development of Lingula and the Systematic Position of the Brachiopoda,' "Chesapeake 

 Zoological Laboratory, Scientific Results for the Session of 1878." 



7 'Over den Bouw der Schelpen van Brachiopoden en Chitonen ; Leiden,' 1882 ; " Untersuchungen 

 iiber den anatomischen und histologischen Ban der Brachiopoda Testicardinia," ' Zeitschrift f. Natur- 

 wissenschaft,' xvi, N. F. 1, 2, 1883. 



s Davidson, " Reports of the ' Challenger' Expedition," 'Zoology, Brachiopoda,' vol. i, p. 64, pi. iv, 

 fig. 17 « and b, 1880. 



