cd 
A, Morlot on Archeology. 7 27 
of modern development to the most abject state, hardly surpassing 
that of the brute. By that means ethnography supplies us with 
what may be called a contemporaneous scale of development, the 
stages of which are more or less fixed and invariable, whilst ar- 
cheology traces a scale of successive development with one 
moveable stage, passing gradually along the whole line.* 
Ethnography is consequently to archeology what physical 
aphy is to geology, namely a thread of induction in the 
abyrinth of the past, and a starting point in those comparative 
researches of which the end is the knowledge of mankind and 
of its development through successive generations. 
In following out the principles above laid down, the Scandina- 
vian savans have succeeded in unravelling the leading features 
in the progress of pre-historical European civilization, and in 
distinguishing three principal eras, which they have called the 
_ stone-age, the bronze-age, and the tron-age.t 
great conquest in the realm of science is due chiefly to 
the labors of Mr. Thomsen, director of the ethnographical and 
archeological museums at Copenhagen} and to those of Mr. 
—— professor at the flourishing University of Lund in Swe- 
en 
These illustrious veterans among northern antiquaries have 
ascertained that our Europe, at present so civilized, was at first 
inhabited by tribes to whom the use of metals was totally un- 
known, and whose industry and domestic habits must have borne 
a considerable analogy to what we now see ractised amon 
certain savages. Bone, horn and especially flint were then u 
instead of metal for manufacturing cutting-instruments and arms. 
This was the stone-age, which might also be called the first great 
phase of civilization. 
The earliest settlers in Europe apparently brought with them 
the art of producing fire. By striking vt Bago (sulphuret of 
iron) against quartz, fire can be easily obtained. But this method 
can only have been occasion used, and seems to have been 
confined to some native tribes in Tierra del Fuego.|| The usuat 
mode has evidently been that of rubbing two sticks together. 
But on further reflection it is easy to perceive that this was a 
* Some naturalists see a correspondence of the same sort between embryology 
and comparative anatomy ; for they consider the human embryo as passing during 
its development through the different stages of the scale of animal creation, or, at 
of these Passing throngh the different states of the embryos of the different stages 
history of Danish archeolegy has been sketched by T. Hindenburg. See 
maanedsskrift, i, 1859. t P 
_t Ledetraad til nordisk Oldkyndighed, Kjocbenhavn, 1836. Published in Eng- 
tat Lord Ellesmere, under the title, “ A Guide to Northern Antiquities, London, 
j Nilsson: Scandinaviska Nordens Urinvonare. Lund, 1838—1843. 
Weddell: A Voyage towards the South Pole in 1822-1824, London, 1827, p. 16% 
