Treatise on the manufacture of Vinegar. 453 
in every direction so that if it only has a chance to enter anyhow or 
anywhere below the filling, there is no danger of a partial distribution. 
There can be no simpler or better plan than to bore two or three holes 
ile speaking of air it may not be amiss to mention a very natural 
mathematical overs ht that occurs in Dr. Wetherill’s book on p. 259. 
It is said that :—“ Otto discovered by numerous experiments that the 
of oxygen, equivalent to from 4°9 to 6°9 per cent of the oxygen of the 
air employed in the vinegar arc ” As in atmospheric air rua 
is 20°9 oxygen to 79°1 nitrogen, an atmosphere that contains 16 per c 
of oxygen or 84 = cent of nitrogen, must have had originally with this 
84 of nitrogen Fy S482" 2 of oxygen. Hence it has lost aa aes 
=5'84 per aut fy the air itself or 27°8 p.c. of its oxygen. And so 
when an air en 14 p. ¢. of ee it has lost 8 p.e. of its first 
weight or 38°4 p.c. of its ox 
It is said that some mance allow the vinegar to flow out 
at bottom as on as it trickles down, yet we nowhere find a suffi- 
cient reason rendered A this plan. Our author after describing a 
00 e 
given in the proper r place.” This “ proper place,” howevér, is not to be 
found in the book, and a statement so very questionable is left unsup- 
ported by any reasoning. If there are any real advantages in the 
neck or any similar contrivance, it is desirable that they should be speci- 
fied; for one who has: never used such arrangements, can hardly con- 
ceive how sition} can ree on the whole, better than periodical drawings 
om a common co 
The filling is Sotdibionly looked upon as merely presenting an horsnarent 
surface over which the liquor to be acetified flows in a tortuous course 
from top to bottom. But perhaps the graduator ought cates to be 
considered as a kind of apparatus for “displacement.” It is not improb- 
able that the alcoholic mixtures instead of simply trickling over the 
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