114 H. James- Clark on the Infusoria Flagellata. « 



group has been slipping out from under the feet of those phi- 

 losophers. 



Carter first detected the true criterion of their animality, 

 though erring as to their classificatory relationship. It was my 

 good fortune to prove their close alliance with the FhgeUato, 

 in a memoir (Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, pt. iii, Sept 

 1867, On the Sprnigioe Ciliatoe. as Infusoria Flagellata), publislied 

 some few years ago. I described certain monad-like infusoria 

 which possessed a single fiagellum surrounded by a projecting 

 membranous collar. Some forms were appended to branching 

 stems {Codosiga) and others were ensheathed in a funnel-shaped 

 or urnaeform tube {Salpingceca). The monadiform body of these 

 I showed to be identical with the ciliate bodies of one of the 

 iSpongice Ciliatm {Leuwsolenia), and homologised the branching 

 stem and the ensheathing tubes of tbe former with the gelatin- 

 ous mass of the latter, into which its monads were imbeddal, 

 The connection seemed not even a step wide, so clear and 

 unmistakable was the relationship. That there should ever he 

 discovered a form which would lie so intermediate between 

 these as to make me hesitate whether it belonged to the one or 

 the other, I did not even hope for ; but it has come unexpect- 

 edly. In Schultzes Archiv. fiir Mikroskopische Anatomic, [M. 

 VI, 4, 1870), Cienkowsky describes, under the name Phahn- 

 steriinn, a genus which consists of monad-like bodies with a 

 flagellum and a projecting collar like those of Codosiga, Salpin- 

 gceca and Leucosolenia. Of the two species which he illustrates, 

 one {P. consocvUum) has monads enveloped in a broad funnel- 

 shaped, slimy sheath, and these sheaths are closely packed side 

 by side, radiatingly, so as to form a shield-like or a hemisphen- 

 cal mass. This comes nearest to the Salpinga-ca. The other 

 species (P. intestinuin) possesses similar moii'nls. but tliov are 

 imbedded basally in a gelatinous, int.-sf iuidirm muss of slraie 

 {Schlemi) "with their vibrating lashes exlmdin-- in every direc- 

 tion " about the cylindrical colony. Oriuijiwliv eacli monad i^ 

 endowed with a separate slime-sheath ; but eventually these all 

 are fused together into one common mass. Beyond this, to 

 make a true Sponge we need but the presence of spicule, and 

 open mterspaces in the slimy mass, between the monads, leading 

 to one common cavity. Introvert the layer of monads and ye 

 produce the desired effect without doingSdolence to their rela- 

 tive positions. It is a mere matter of proportions, just as the 

 inverted cyathiform rose-hip is none the less an ovariferous 

 disc than the globular receptacle of the strawberry. 



