a King— Glaciers on Mountains of the Pacific Slope. 165 



It has two principal medial moraines, which, where crossed by 

 us, formed little mountain ridges having peaks nearly 100 feet 

 high. The sources of these moraines are clifls on the steeper 

 mountain slope, which seem mere black specks in the great 

 white field above : between these are great cascades, and below 

 immense transverse crevasses, which we had no time or means to 

 visit. The surface water flows in rills and brooks, on the 

 lower portion of the glacier, and moulins are of frequent occur- 

 rence. We visited one double moulin where two brooks poured 

 mto two circular wells, each about ten feet in diameter, joined to- 

 gether at the surface but separated below : we could not ap- 

 proach near enough the edge to see the bottom of either, but, 

 ' ' thrown in sent back no sound, judged they must be 



very deep, 



Thisglaci 

 and sends ( 



r forks near the foot of the steeper mountam slope, 

 r a branch to the northward, which forms a large 

 stream flowing down to join the main stream fifteen or twenty 

 miles below. Looking down on this from a high overhanging 

 peak, we could see, as it were, under our feet, a little lake of 

 deep blue water, about an eighth of a mile in diameter, stand- 

 ing in the brown gravel-covered ice of the end of the glacier. 

 On the back of the rocky spur, which divides these two glaciers, 

 a secondary glacier has scooped out a basin-shaped bed, and 

 sends down an ice stream, having all the characteristics of a 

 true glacier, but its ice disappears several miles above the 

 mouths of the large glaciers on either sida Were nothing 

 known of the movement of glaciers, an instance like this would 

 seem to afibrd sufiicient evidence that such movement exists, 

 and that gravity is the main motive power. From our northern 

 and southern points we could trace the beds of several large 

 glaciers to the west of us, whose upper and lower portions only 

 were visible, the main body of the ice lying hidden by the 

 high intervening spurs. 



Ten large glaciers observed by us, and at least half as many 

 more hidden by the mountain from our view, proceedmg thus 

 from an isolated peak, form a most remarkable system, and one 

 worthy of a careful and detailed study. 



Respectfully yours, S, F. Emmons, 



^ -^ -^ Assistant Geologist. 



Clarexce Kixg, Esq,, U, S. Geologist: 



. 'S'lV— During the past summer, under your instructions, I vis- 

 ited Mount Hood, in the Cascade range of Oregon, accompa- 

 nied by Mr. A. D. Wilson, Topographer of the survey, for the 

 purpose of examinino- the geological and lithological character 

 of the extinct volcano, and also for preparing an accurate topo- 



Aical map of the mountain and its vicinity, as far north as 



Columbia river. 



t^l 



