586 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [Vol. XXXIII. 



All the other papers under consideration discuss littoral and 

 abyssal animals. In an article on the history of the marine 

 fauna of Patagonia, H. von Ihering 1 compares the Antarctic 

 mollusks with those of the Arctic. He mentions 9 species that 

 are found in both polar seas, but at the same time he says 

 that this list comprises almost exclusively such species as are 

 of a very large or universal distribution. The connection of 

 the polar localities of these forms is chiefly through the deep 

 sea. There are no true bipolar species, and if we regard the 

 genera present or wanting in the Arctic and Antarctic molluscan 

 faunas, both differ considerably. 



Breitfuss 2 has published a study of the distribution of the 

 calcareous sponges of the Arctic seas, and incidentally compares 

 them with those of the Antarctic. Of 42 Arctic species only 

 a few (6) cross the equator, and a single one extends its range 

 into the southern polar regions {Grantia capillosd). The rich 

 Calcispongiae fauna of the Australian and New Zealand coasts 

 is very distinct from that of the Arctic, and from the Magellan, 

 South Georgian, and Kerguelen regions only 6 species (belong- 

 ing to 4 genera) are known, which, with the exception of 

 Grantia capillosa, are different from the northern species ; and 

 of these genera one (Leucetta) is missing in the Arctic Ocean, 

 while, on the other hand, numerous Arctic genera (6 out of 11) 

 are not known from the Antarctic. No case of bipolarity, 

 either of a species or genus, is mentioned, and the author says 

 nothing about a resemblance of faunas of both seas. 



Herdman 3 refers to the extra-tropical southern tunicate 

 fauna of Australia, and, without going into further detail, 

 states that there is no special relationship between it and 

 the tunicate fauna of the northern hemisphere. As to Mur- 

 ray's extracts, from his report on the distribution of the Chal- 

 lenger-Tunicata, he says that the distributional data given in 

 this report are not complete, and, he says, " have to be added 



1 Zur Geschichte der marinen Fauna von Patagonien, Zool. Anzeig., Bd. xxvii, 

 December, 1897. 



2 Die arctische Kalkschwammfauna, Arch. f. Natur g., Bd. i (1898), Heft 3. 



3 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, vol. i (1898), and Trans. Liverpool Biol. Soc, 

 vol. xii (1898), p. 251. 



