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BRITISH FOSSIL ELEPHANTS. 



far as yet known, there is no positive proof that the Mammoth existed in England prior 

 to the Glacial period, but it is assumed that teeth have been found in Scotland in peat 

 underlying the Boulder-clay. 1 



Again, there is abundant evidence to show that the Elephas antiquus and JE.primi- 

 genius were contemporaneous in Europe during the Pleistocene epoch, and that, at all 

 events, the Mammoth survived up to the human period. 2 



As regards associated animal remains the E. antiquus has been met with in conjunc- 

 tion with nearly all the Pleiocene mammals usually considered Pre-glacial, 3 and it has 

 been also associated with all or nearly all the Pleistocene fauna of the caves and river 

 deposits of England and Wales. 4 



Molars and bones referred to Elephas antiquus have been washed ashore, dredged, or 

 removed from the so-called " elephant and forest beds " 5 at various parts along the 

 eastern coast — to wit, Happisborough (1, 2), Cromer (1, 2), Ostend (1,2), Easton (1,2), 

 Clacton (1, 2), Southwold, Mundesley (1), Harwich (1), Felixstowe, Yarmouth (1), 

 Bacton (1, 2), &c. Abundant dental and other exuviae of this Elephant have been met 

 with in the gravels and brick earths of the Thames Valley at various points, in particular 

 at Grays Thurrock (1), Erith (1), Ilford (1), Slade Green (1), London (1), Brentford (1), 

 Abingdon, Wytham, Henley Bottom, Ballart Pit, Culham (1), Oxford (1), &c. 6 



It has been determined also from similar deposits in the valley of the Ouse (1), at 

 Cambridge, near Huntingdon (1), at Aylesford (1), Canterbury, Bracklesham Bay (1), 

 Copen Hall in Cheshire, Peterborough, Lawford (1), Rugby, Barrow-on-Soar, Lexden 

 near Colchester, Stoke, Saffron Walden, Peckham in Surrey, Oundle (1) in North- 

 amptonshire, Walton (1) in Essex. 



Remains of Elephas antiquus have been determined from the following caverns and 

 rock fissures of England and Wales : 



In caves of Kirkdale, Victoria, Raygill, and North Cliff, in Yorkshire ; Bleadon Cave 

 (1), Mendip Hills (Ealconer) ; Cefn, North Wales (Falconer) ; Bacon's Hole, Crow Hole, 



1 Bald, ' Memoirs Wernerian Society,' vol. iv, p. 64. The remains discovered at Belturbet, in Cavan, 

 Ireland, have been inferred to have been of the same age, ' Philosophical Transactions,' vol. xxix. 



2 'Lubbock on the Origin of Civilisation,' p. 30 ; Tiddeman, ' Report on Victoria Cave ;' ' Reports of 

 British Association for the Advancement of Science,' 1874 and 1875; Busk, 'Journal Anthropological 

 Institute,' vol. iii, p. 392. 



3 'Falconer's Palseontological Memoirs,' vol. ii, p. 471. 



4 Dawkins, 'Jour. Geol. Soc. London,' vol. xxv, p. 210. 



5 See 'Jour. Geological Society,' vol. xxvi, p. 552, and vol. xxxii, p. 123. The Rev. John Gunn, F.G.S., 

 than whom no one is more entitled to an opinion on this point, asserts that from his large experience he 

 is of opinion that remains of E. meridionalis and E. antiquus are met with in both of these beds, but that 

 in the " Elephant Bed" the former prevails, whilst exuviae of the latter elephant are more plentiful in the 

 " Forest Bed." 



6 (1) Indicates the remains of E. primigenius, and (2) that remains of E. meridionalis have also been 

 discovered in the same situation, although it is not established in all instances that the exuviae were derived 

 from the same beds. 



