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BRITISH FOSSIL ELEPHANTS. 



variety of last true molar comes to be considered. I recognised in 1S63, in Baron Anca's 

 collection from the Palermo caves, an undoubted second true molar of the lower jaw, 

 containing x 12 -v in 8 inches. Mr. Busk and Dr. Falconer identified an upper penul- 

 timate true molar from Europa Point, Gibraltar. 1 



Affinities. — A comparison between the first true molar of E. antiquns and E. 

 Namadicus is illustrated by the beautiful specimen in B. M. of the second molar, shown 

 in figs. 3 and 3 a, plate xii d, of the ' Fauna Sivalensis.' Here, in a left ramus, x 12 a? 

 is contained in 136 inches. The crown, like the other teeth, unprotected by a preceding 

 molar, is excessively narrow, just like the equally characteristic lower first true molar of 

 E. antiquns, fig. 4, of the same plate, to which reference has already been made, and 

 also to the last upper molar, fig. 5, to which I shall allude in the sequel. All the 

 above molars of E. Namadicus, as far as characters extend, are simply indistinguishable 

 from accepted teeth of E. antiquus, the only exception being the unusually large size of 

 fig. 3 as compared with a second true molar of E. antiquus. 



The Elephas Mnaidriensis presents in the second as in the preceding molars all the 

 characters of the Elephas antiquus in a much smaller animal, the number of ridges, twelve 

 or x 10 x, being held in an estimated space of 6' 5 inches, but, unfortunately, my 

 determinations are computed from specimens not altogether entire ;~ however, they clearly 

 show by comparison with ultimate molars to have been of the maximum length just 

 stated, but with a ridge formula equal to the first true molar of E. antiquus. 



The Asiatic Elephant, excepting in the excessive crimping and less lateral dimensions, 

 holds relatively the same formula as the Mammoth. 



In the African Elephant the low ridge formula, according to Falconer {x 8 — 9 xf with 

 the rhomb-shaped pattern of the disk and its short ridges will ordinarily distinguish 

 second true molars from the vast majority of those of E. antiquus, excepting, perhaps, the 

 so-called E. priscus variety, with which crowns of the former might be easily confounded. 



The second true molar in the Mammoth is a broad-crowned tooth, with short and 

 closely approximated ridges, in the great majority of specimens seldom averaging less 

 than x 16 a? in its ridge formula. The enamel is thin, and when at all, only faintly 

 crimped at the outer and inner margins of the enamel. 4 Sometimes a thicker-plated 

 example may be found, and a broad-crowned variety of the E. antiquus may make the 

 diagnosis difficult, especially if the plan of the crown is not fully shown, but the 

 exceptions will be few where the practised observer will fail to distinguish between the 

 respective molars of the above species. 



In Elephas meridionalis the ridges are nearly as broad as they are long, and never so 

 numerous as in the foregoing, whilst the thick plates and grosser masses of intervening 



1 ' Jour. Geol. Soc. London,' vol. xxi, p. 366. 



2 ' Trans. Zool. Soc. London,' vol. ix, pi. iii ; pi. viii, figs. 2 and 4, p. 27. 



3 'Pal. Mem.,' vol. ii, p. 90, and ' F. A. S.,' pi. xiv, fig. 5. 



1 Ibid., vol. ii, p. 166. Numerous suggestive specimens in the British and Norwich Museums. 



