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BRITISH FOSSIL ELEPHANTS. 



tion of the particular form, branching off towards allied forms, to wit, E. Namadicm t 

 E. meridionalis, E. primigcnius, E. Africanus, E. Asiaticus, E. Mnaidriensis, with more 

 than one of which the E. antiquus, as has been shown, is very closely allied. 



A. Variety. — The teeth referable to this variety of crown have the ridges packed close 

 together. The disks have often little mesial expansion, so that they are relatively of a 

 more uniform thickness from side to side. The angulation is often very faint or 

 wanting. 1 



A very characteristic example is furnished by No. 16,229, B. M., from the Forest 

 Bed, Ostend, Norfolk. A capital crown and profile view of this upper tooth is shown 

 in the ' F. A. S.,' pi. xiv a, figs. 5 and 5 a. There is a loss of a few anterior ridges, 

 leaving sixteen and a half in a space of 9 inches, with a maximum breadth of the crown 

 of three inches. The crimping of the rnachaerides is the only pronounced character of 

 the disks. 



Another upper tooth, No. 27,907, B. M., Plate V, fig. l,from Clacton Freshwater 

 Deposits, has lost about two and a half of the anterior ridges, leaving fifteen and a half 

 in a space of 10 inches. The crown is very broad, being 3 inches in front, 3' 5 inches in the 

 middle, and 2 inches posteriorly. All the disks are developed excepting the last four, 

 the digitations of which are not worn out. Each ridge is about 0"7 inch in thickness. 



The ridges are crowded and the disks are little expanded in the middle, and, there- 

 fore, almost parallel. There are angulations however. This is a very typical instance 

 of the broad-crowned variety. 



A superb specimen of this description of molar is instanced by No. 4C of Miss 

 Gurney's Collection in the Norwich Museum. It is a right upper molar from Cromer. 

 Here the ridges are much aggregated with thin sheaths of enamel, which, however, are well 

 crimped without angulations as in the last. All excepting the two last ridges are in wear. 

 The formula is #18 x in 11 inches, the maximum breadth of the crown being four inches. 



A left lower molar, No. 001 (LIunterian Collection), Museum Royal College of 

 Surgeons of England, from Grays, Essex, represents a broad crown, with only fifteen 

 and a half ridges preserved, which are contained in 10*5 inches. 



A characteristic fragment of a left lower molar of this variety is shown in the 

 4 F. A. S.,' pi. xiv a, figs. 12 and 12 a. Dr. Falconer states it is from Happisborough, 2 but 

 the old British Museum Catalogue records it from Siberia. It has certainly more of the 



1 There are numerous fragments and almost worn-out crowns in the Norwich Museum so alike in many- 

 respects to plates of this variety on the one hand, and to the massive molars of E. meridionalis on the other, 

 that iu their broken and incomplete state it is impossible to come to a decided conclusion as to their specific 

 identities. Thus, the enormously broad fragment from Happisborough, described in the ' Palseont. 

 Mem.,' vol. i, p. 447, ' F. A. S.,' pi. 14 d, figs. 15 and 15 a, seems to me to be the shed portion of a tooth of 

 the broad-crowned variety of E. antiquus rather than that of E. meridionalis, to which Falconer refers it. 

 It is impossible, however, to arrive at certain conclusions with such imperfect material. 



2 'Pal. Mem.,' vol. i, p. 443. 



