140 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 



from Kalm collected in Canada. This specimen was, in the paper mentioned, con- 

 sidered to be the type. A reconsideration of the subject leads me to the conclusion 

 that the name was applied to a concept rather than to a specimen or specimens and 

 that the basis of this concept was the species as generally known in Europe. The 

 Kalm specimen is about the same form as the type of Panicummurimt u , n Michx. The 

 application of the name crusgalli is not altered by the elimination of this Kalm speci- 

 men as a type. In the first edition of the Species Plantarum Linnaeus describes / 'n n imm 

 crusgalli and also a variety /3, and gives as the habitat "in Europae, Virginiae cultis." 

 This treatment is followed in the second edition, where he states that " Varietas/3. aristis 

 decies glumis longioribus manifesto a communi planta cui vix sesquilongioree aristae, 

 differt." In my remarks on types of American grasses, 1 I showed that the basis of 

 variety /3 was a specimen of Echinochloa walteri from Gronovius (Clayton 579). From 

 Linnaeus's note concerning variety /3, quoted above, it would appear that the common 

 form, as understood by Linnaeus, had awns about 5 mm. long. 



Panicam cruscorvi L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. No locality is given. In a 

 later work 2 the habitat is given as "in Indiis." This is usually referred to Panicum 

 crusgalli, in works on the Asiatic flora. 



Milium crusgalli Moench, Meth. PI. 202. 1794. Based on Panicum crusgalli L. 



Panicum grossum Salisb. Prodr. Stirp. 18. 1796. Based on Panicum crusgalli L. 

 The text of the Prodromus is a mere list. This species appears as follows: "Grossum. 

 6. P. [Panicum] Crus Galli Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2. p. 83." 



Panicum muricatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 47. 1803. Not Panicum muricatum 

 Retz. 1786. " Hab. in Canada ad ripas lacus Champlain et ad lacum Ontario." The 

 type, labeled "Lac. Champlain," was examined at the Paris Herbarium. 3 This 

 form is maintained as a distinct species by Fernald, as indicated below under 

 Echinochloa muricata. The trichomes on the second glume and sterile lemma are 

 coarse and arise from large papillae. 



Echinochloa crusgalli Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 53, 161. 1812. Based on Panicum crus- 

 galli L. 



Panicum crusgalli var. aristatum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 66. 1814. No locality 

 given, but probably from eastern United States. The long awned form. 



Panicum pungens Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 273. 1816. Based on Panicum 

 muricatum Michx. "non Lam. Diet." 



Setaria muricata Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 495. 1817. Based on Panicum 

 muricatum Michx. 



Echinochloa crusgalli var. aristata S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 158. 1821. De- 

 scribed from Great Britain, no definite locality given. The long-awned form. 



Oplismenus crusgalli Dum. Obs. Gram. Belg. 138. 1823. Based on Panicum crus- 

 galli L. 



Orthopogon crusgalli Spreng. Syst. Yeg. 1 : 307. 1825. Based on Panicum crusgalli L. 



Oplismenus muricatus Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 44. 1829. Based on "Panicum muri- 

 catum Mich." 



Echinochloa muricata Fernald, Rhodora 17: 106. 1915. Based on Panicum muri- 

 catum Michx. Fernald distinguishes Echinochloa muricata from E. crusgalli by the 

 stiff hairs arising from papillae upon the spikelets and maintains that the former is a 

 native of the United States while the latter, in which the hairs lack the papillose base, 

 is introduced in this country. I have been unable to distinguish E. murimta on this 

 basis, as both forms occur in Europe and the two appear to me to intergrade. 



There are other synonyms in works on the floras of the Old World. 



1 Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 117. 1908. 

 2 Sp. PI. ed. 2. 84. 1762. 

 Contr U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 146. 1908. 



