378 LANIUS CRISTATUS. 



back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and lower back into ashy brown, more or less, according to the individual, 

 tinged with rufous ; the change from the colour of the head to that of the hind neck always more or less marked ; 

 the brown of the rump passes on the upper tail-coverts into lighter rufous than the head ; tail brownish 

 rufous, the shafts of the feathers blackish and the tips albescent ; wings brown, the median and greater coverts 

 and the secondaries edged and tipped with rufescent fulvous ; throat and lower face white ; fore neck and under 

 surface whitish, tinged with rufous-buff on the chest, sides of breast, flanks, and vent ; under tail-coverts more 

 strongly tinged with this colour than the throat, and the flanks most rufous of all ; under wing concolorous with 

 the chest. 



Female. Differs from the male in having the eye-streak of less size and not so black ; this streak is blackish brown, 

 and only partially envelopes the lores, there being merely a small blackish spot in front of the eye. 



Young. Birds of the year have the wing varyiug from 3'3 to 3-4 inches. Bill paler than in the adult ; legs and feet 

 bluish grey. 



lu the nestling or first plumage the feathers of the head and upper surface are rufescent fulvous, each with a dark 

 terminal edging and ray across the centre ; the wing-coverts are broadly margined with rufous, with an internal 

 dark edge ; the secondaries are similarly marked, the dark line being chiefly conspicuous at the tips of the feathers ; 

 eye-streak narrow, darker in the male than the female ; beneath whitish, tinged with buff ou the chest and flanks, 

 and marked, except on the throat and belly, with crescentic rays of blackish brown. In the plumage worn by most 

 of our new arrivals, the nestling-feathers on the upper surface have partly or entirely disappeared, and the new 

 feathers are somewhat of the same hue as in the adult, only the back is just as rufous as the head, and is thus wanting 

 in the brown distinctive character ; the wing-coverts and secondaries are more or less broadly edged with fulvous, 

 with the internal black edge and the under surface in all stages of marking, the crescentic edgings being of course 

 chiefly confined to the chest and flanks (young females seem to be more tinged with buff than males on the 

 chest) ; the supercilium is crossed with transverse lines. Some birds are much more advanced on the under 

 surface than the upper, and vice versa ; but the last remnant of the immature plumage is always to be seen on the 

 flanks. The young of this species, though very similar to, may, I think, be distinguished from those of L. lucionensis 

 by being J-u/bus-brown on the head, and by having a certain amount, more or less, of pale edging at the margin of 

 the forehead. I have observed this to hold good in a large series of both species which I have examined. The 

 amount of rufous on the crown as distinguished from the hind neck varies considerably in individuals. 



Obs. The Ceylonese examples of this species are identical with those from India, as would naturally be the case when 

 we consider that the species is migratory to both countries from beyond the Himalayas. Layard considered it to 



LA2sIUS LUCIONENSIS. 



(the grey-headed shrike.) 



Lanius lucionensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 135 (1766); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 59, et 1863, p. 272; Walden, ibid. 

 1SG7, p. 215 ; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 376 ; Hume, Str. Feath. 1873, p. 434, et 1874, p. 199. 



Adult male and female. Length 6-5 to 7-0 inches ; wing 3-5 to 3-65 ; tail 3-4 to 3-6 ; tarsus 0-9 ; mid toe 0-6, its 

 claw (straight) 0-23 ; bill to gape 0-8. 



These measurements are from a series of examples in the Swinhoe collection and a single example in my own from the 

 S. Andamans. Hume gives the length of Andaman examples as attaining 8-25 inches, and the wing 3-75. 



" Iris brown; upper mandible horny brown, edged whitish near the gape ; the terminal line of the lower mandible 

 horny brown, the basal two thirds bluish or fleshy white ; legs and feet dull leaden blue, or dull bluish, or 

 sometimes even greenish horny." (Hume.) 



Male. Back, scapulars, and sides of neck earth-brown, passing gradually on the hind neck and crown into the greyish 



