842 TOTANUS GLOTTIS. 



It is an abundant species in India. Jerdon remarks that it is to be seen iu all parts of the country; and, 

 as a matter of fact, we find that, in addition to being diffused all round the coasts in suitable localities, recent 

 observations prove that it occurs in all districts in the interior which have been examined. It is common in 

 the Deccan and throughout the region between the Godaveri and the Ganges. About Calcutta, Messrs. I'.lyth 

 and Hume state that it is abundant ; and in I'urrcedpore, " it is very common along rivers and creeks." It has 

 been obtained at Umballa, and in parts of the north-west it musters in great force. Mr. Hume styles it extra- 

 ordinarily abundant in the Punjab (50 being sometimes seen in a flock) and very common in Sindh : in the 

 Guzerat district it remains until the end of May, and is sparingly distributed throughout it; it is likewise 

 found in Kutch and Kattiawar, but in many localities is said to be " far from common." It was procured in 

 Sikkim in spring by Capt. Bulger. Mr. Hume met with it on the island of Cardamum in the Laccadivcs, but 

 elsewhere in that group found it absent. In Upper Pegu it is reported to be occasionally met with ; but in the 

 Irrawaddy Delta it is very abundant. In the Province of Tenasscrim, Mr. Hume says it is common every- 

 where inland and on the coast ; he does not record it from the Andamans, which is a noteworthy fact, 

 considering that it is abundant on the mainland; but it has been procured in the Nicobars according to 

 Hcrr von Pelzeln. I do not find any note of its occurrence in Sumatra ; but in Java it has been obtained 

 by Kuhl and Von Hasselt. It is probably found sparingly all round Borneo, as it has been recorded from 

 the south of the island from Pontiniak and Tabanio. In Celebes it has been recently observed by Herr 

 .Meyer, who found it there in June and July; and previously it was procured there by Forster and S. 

 Miillcr, which latter naturalist also obtained it in Timor. In New Guinea it will probably be found, although 

 1 find no data of its occurrence in the works of reference to which I have access ; but iu Australia it is distri- 

 buted round the entire coast, and has been found in the Richmond and Clarence-river district (Ramsay) . 

 (iould remarks, as regards its general distribution in this region, that it is nowhere abundant, but that it is 

 generally dispersed over the shores of the continent and Tasmania. Turning north again, we find that in 

 the Philippines it has been obtained in Luzon, and, by Cuming, in another locality which has not been 

 specified. In Hainan Swinhoe found it very abundant at the Hoehow Marsh in March; and on the 

 mainland of China it is generally distributed in winter. In Formosa the same writer met with it in April. 

 As regards the Japanese islands it is said to be common in Yezo. It is found on the coast of the Sea of 

 Okhotsk, and is common, according to Middendorff, iu the breeding-season in the Stanowoi mountains, 

 inhabiting the morasses on their slopes. It probably breeds in other parts of Northern Siberia, but it has been 

 overlooked by recent travellers in that region. In Turkestan it was procured by Dr. Scully in October at 

 Kashgar, and in August on the Karakash river. The Yarkandis say that it is found there near " running 

 water or near pools and swamps ; it disappears entirely in winter, but breeds in Eastern Turkestan in 

 summer." Severtzoff notes that it occurs on passage in Northern and South-eastern Turkestan, and breeds 

 on grassy steppes up to 4000 feet elevation. Prjevalsky observes that it is " an occasional visitor to the 

 Iloangho, and a migrant through Gobi about the end of August. We did not," he says, "observe it anywhere 

 else in Mongolia. It appears in limited numbers at Lake Hanka late in April ; and single individuals are to 

 be met with throughout the summer there, as well as on the L'ssuri. In August it becomes again more 

 abundant." 



It winters in Palestine, and frequents the coast of Arabia likewise, for AVyatt observed it on the shores of 

 the peninsula of Sinai. It is found in winter in Turkey , the Mediterranean islands, and Spain, in which latter 

 country Mr. Saunders observed it until the end of May. It occurs in Southern Andalucia on passage from its 

 winter quarters in Africa in March, April, and May. It is said to breed in Transylvania, iu which province it 

 is common during autumn. It also nests in Germany ; but its proper summer quarters are the north of 

 Scotland, the Hebrides, Denmark, Scandinavia, Finland, and Northern Russia. Messrs. Seebohm and Harvie 

 Brown saw it on the Petchora at Ust Zylma on the 19th May, and afterwards fotmd it abundant at Ilabariki. 

 Turning now to Africa we find it inhabiting in winter the entire north coast from Tangier, where it chietlv 

 occurs on passage in autumn and spring, to Egypt, throughout which country and Nubia it is, according to 

 Captain Shelley, plentifully distributed, frequenting the banks of the Nile and the marshes of the Delta. 

 \ on Heuglin states that it is met with on the shores of the Bed Sea as far south as the coast of Somauli, and 

 along the Nile and its tributaries from August until April. He met with it once in the highlands of Abyssinia, 

 and remarks that it is common in East Kordofan. Down the east coast it has been met with at Zanzibar and 



