TKINGOIDES HYPOLEUCUS. 



(THE COMMON SANDPIPER.) 



Tringa hypoleucos, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 250 (1766). 



Actitis hypoleucos (Linn.), 111. Prod. Syst. Mam. et Av. p. 262 (1811); Gould, B. of Eur. iv. 

 pi. 316 (1837); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 267 (1849); Schrenck, Reisen u. 

 Forsch. Amur-L. p. 417 (1860) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Scolopaces, p. 80 (1864) ; Jerdon, 

 B. of Ind. iii. p. 699 (1864) ; Gould, Handb. B. of Austr. ii. p. 263 (1865) ; Layard, B. of 

 S. Africa, no. 616 (1867); Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 474; Shelley, B. of Egypt, p. 258 

 (1872) ; Henderson & Hume, Lahore to Yarkand, p. 289 (1873) ; Gould, B. of Gt. 

 Brit. iv. pi. 58 (1873) ; Legge, Ibis, 1874, p. 29 ; id. J. A. S. (Ceylon Br.) p. 53 (1874) ; 

 Scully, Str. Feath. 1876, p. 188 ; Seebohm & Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 292 ; Ball, 

 Str. Feath. 1878, vii. p. 228. 



Totanus hypoleucos (Linn.), Temm. Man. p. 424 (1815); Sykes, Cat. B. Dukhun, P. Z. S. 

 1832, p. 163 ; Ivelaart, Prodromus, Cat. p. 134 (1852) ; Layard, Ann. & Mag. Nat. 

 Hist. 1854, xiv. p. 265 ; Irby, B. of Gibraltar, p. 168 (1875) ; Dresser, B. of Eur. 

 pt. 61, 62 (1877). 



Tringoides hypoleucos (Linn.), G. R. Gray, Gen. B. p. 88 (1841); Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, 

 p. 406 ; Salvadori, Ucc. di Born. p. 326 (1874) ; Von Heuglin, Om. N.Ost-Afr. ii. p. 172 

 (1873) ; Hume, Str. Feath. 1874, p. 299 ; Walden, Trans. Z. S. 1875, ix. p. 234 ; Hume, 

 Nests & Eggs, iii. p. 588 (1875); Armstrong, Str. Feath. 1876, p. 344 ; Hume, t. c. 

 p. 465 ; Blanford, Zool. Persia, p. 285 (1876) ; Davison & Hume, Str. Feath. 1878 

 (B. of Tenass.), p. 463 ; Hume, ibid. 1879 (List B. of Ind.) p. 113 ; Blakiston & Pryer, 

 Ibis, 1878, p. 220. 



Actitis empusa, Gould, B. of Austr. vi. pi. 35 (1848). 



Guinetta, Brisson ; Petite Alouette de mer, Buffon ; The Common Longshcmk (!), Kelaart ; 

 The Summer Snipe in England ; Sandpiper, Snippet, Sportsmen in Ceylon ; Andarios, 

 Spanish (Irby). Potti ulanka, Telugu (Jerdon) ; Tilla, Musda, Sindh (Blyth) ; Trinil 

 batu, Java ; Junggit-junggit, Borneo (Mottley) ; Kiboranto, Madagascar (Newton) ; 

 Alouette, Seychelles (Newton) ; Erungi, tschitsche, Amoor Land (Schrenck) ; Kotan, 

 Ceylonese Tamils. 



Watuwa, Sinhalese. 



Adult male and female (Ceylon). Length 7*8 to 8-2 inches ; wing 4-2 to 4-5, expanse 13-5 ; tail 2-25 : tarsus 0-9 to 



1-0 ; middle toe and claw 0-97 to 1-02 : bill to gape 1-02 to 1-15. 

 Iris brown ; bill deep brown or dark plumbeous, the base yellowish or pale beneath ; tibia, knees, and feet dusky 



greenish ; tarsi greenish grey, in some immature birds pale bluish. 



Winter plumage (Ceylon). Upper surface, from head to tail, including the scapulars, tertials, and wing-coverts, olive- 

 brown glossed with green, less on the head and hind neck than elsewhere ; all the feathers with a dark brown 

 shaft-stripe, broader on the upper back and scapulars than on the hind neck, and expanding on the interscapular 

 region into a central patch ; scapulars and tertials pencilled near the tips with black : wing-coverts and lower 

 back with many cross marks of brown, some of the greater series with white tips ; primaries and secondaries 

 olive-brown, the former with the basal portion of the inner webs white, extending to the second quill, and in 

 some only to the third ; tips of the secondaries white ; shaft of the 1st quill whitish near the tip ; wmglet and 

 primary-coverts with white edges to the outermost feathers ; central tail-feathers with a dark tip, remainder 



5 T 



