DISSTJRA EPISCOPA. 



(THE WHITE-NECKED STORK.) 



Ardea episcopus, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 54 (1783). 



Ardea leucocephalus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 642 (1788). 



Ciconia leucocepliala (Gm.), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 277 (1849) ; Layard, Ann. & 



Mag. Nat. Hist. 1854, xiv. p. 114; Jerdon, B. of Ind. iii. p. 737 (1864). 

 Ciconia episcopus (Bodd.), Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 477 ; Von Heuglin, Orn. N.Ost-Afr. 



ii. p. 1108 (1873). 

 Melanopelargits episcopus (Bodd.), Salvadori, Uccelli di Born. p. 356 (1874) ; Hume, Nests 



and Eggs, iii. p. 609 (1875) ; id. Str. Feath. 1878 (B. of Tenass.), p. 469. 

 Dissura episcopus (Bodd.), Hume, Str. Feath. 1879 (List B. of Ind.), p. 114. 

 Violet Heron, Lath.; Beef-steak bird in India; Parson bird (from its white neck), Europeans 



in Ceylon. Manik jor, Hind., also Bali, Sanku buda konga, Telugu ; Saudang-lawe, 



Java (Horsf.) ; Mana koku, Vanatay koku in Manaar. 

 Padre-koka, lit. " Parson bird," Sinhalese. 



Adult male and female (Ceylon). Length 32-0 to 32-5 inches ; wing 18-0 to 18-5 ; tail 7'0 to 7'5 ; bare tibia 4-0 ; 



tarsus trO to 6-5 ; middle toe 3-3 to 3-5 ; hind toe 1*2 ; expanse 67-0 ; bill to gape 5-8 to 5-9, at front 5-5. — 



Male and female (Nepal). Length 35 - 3 to 37-0 inches ; wing 19"6 to 20-5 ; tail 7 - 6 to 8-2 ; tarsus 6-7 to 7'0 ; 



bill from gape 6-1 to 6-9 ; weight 4 lb. 8 oz. to 6 lb. 1 oz. ; expanse 7O0 to 74-0 (Scully). — Male (Pegu). Length 



36-0 inches ; wing 206 ; tail 8-0; tarsus 6-9 ; bill from gape 6-8 (Oates). 

 Iris scarlet, with a yellow disk in the sclerotic or space surrounding the iris ; bill black, changing to red at the tips of 



both mandibles, margins red ; frontal and facial bare skin leaden ; legs and feet dusky red, the edges of the webs 



whitish. In a specimen apparently not quite adult the iris is reddish orange, with a bluish-brown outer circle. 



Bare skin along the ulna vermilion-red. 



Genus CICONIA. 



Bill smaller than in the preceding genera, straight ; culmen keeled ; nostrils narrow and linear. Wings with the 

 2nd and 3rd quills the longest. Legs long. Toes short, flattened, bordered by a narrow membrane at the sides and 

 webbed at the base. 



CICONIA ALBA. 



(THE WHITE STORK.) 



Ardea ciconia, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 235 (1766). 



Ciconia alba, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. iii. p. 41 (1793) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 276 (1849) ; Jerdon, B. of 



Ind. iii. p. 736 (1864) ; Dresser, B. of Eur. pt. 19 (1873); Hume, Str. Eeath. 1879, p. 114 (List B. of Ind.). 

 La Cigogne, Buff. Ois. viii. p. 117 ; Cegonha, Portuguese. Lag-lag, Haji lag-lag, Hind. 



Adidt female (Furreedpore). Length 51-75 inches ; wing 24-0, expanse 77 - 5 ; tail 9-75 ; tarsus 8-5 ; bill from gape 

 7 - 75, at front 7-10 (Cripps). — Adult (Egypt: Brit. Mus.). Wing 23-75 inches; tail 9-5; tarsus 7 - 8; middle 

 toe and claw 3*4 ; bill to gape 7-7, at front 6-7. — Adidt (England : B. Mus.). Wing 24-5 inches ; tail 9-0 : 



