REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9I2 29 



He finds a considerably greater variation in the percentage of sound 

 fruit from plots receiving one spraying than from those given three 

 to five sprayings, this being particularly marked, as would be ex- 

 pected, under unusual seasonal conditions, such as injury to the fruit 

 by hail storms. Substantiating this work of the federal bureau it is 

 worthy of note that Professor Gossard of Ohio obtained 91.60 per 

 cent of worm-free apples, while the check trees produced but 45.80 

 per cent of sound apples, and Professor Rumsey of West Vriginia, 

 97.40 per cent of worm-free apples (the unsprayed trees yielding 

 only 65.9 per cent of sound fruit) as a result of one thorough 

 spraying. These results are certainly not very different from those 

 we obtained in the Hudson valley. 



Both Professor Quaintance and Professor Rumsey also made 

 observations upon the efficiency of this spray in the control of the 

 plum curculio on apples, and Professor Quaintance summarizes the 

 situation as follows : " It would therefore appear from the fore- 

 going that for the control of the codling moth and plum curculio 

 under eastern conditions a single thorough spraying is about as 

 efficient as a schedule of treatment requiring three or more appli- 

 cations." 



Control of the second brood. We have purposely emphasized 

 the importance of thorough spraying within a week or ten days fol- 

 lowing blossoming, preferably in the earlier part of this period, be- 

 cause data available show that we must depend largely on this treat- 

 ment for the control of the second brood of apple worms appear- 

 ing the latter part of July, during August and September, and 

 making small holes in the apples, especially where they touch each 

 other or a leaf. Careful field studies by A. G. Hammer of the fed- 

 eral bureau of entomology showed that during 1909 second brood 

 codling moth larvae at Northeast, Pa., began entering the fruit 

 August 5th, were most abundant the latter part of that month and 

 early in September, the last being observed about the 20th. Ap- 

 proximately the same conditions may be expected in western New 

 York, though an abnormal season may result in the appearance of 

 many young larvae unusually late, as appears to have been the case 

 last fall in certain sections of New York State. These late appear- 

 ing larvae should not be confused with the lesser apple worm, an 

 insect recently discovered in the State and one comparatively harm- 

 less so far as we have been able to ascertain. 



Referring once more to the comparative summary given above, 

 an increase of 100 end wormy apples will be noted between plots 



